Contemporary Psychology
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 (14)|Papers Count:9

Several studies show that attachment styles can have a significant impact on the couple’s marital quality. This impact can be direct or indirect and can be in interaction with other significant psychological variables such as relationship attributions and conflict resolution strategies.This study aimed to investigate direct and indirect effects of attachment styles on women’s marital quality, considering relationship attributions (causal and responsibility attributions) and destructive conflict resolution strategies (dominating and avoiding strategies) as mediators.Participants in the study were 130 married women who were living in the city of Hamadan and were selected using multiphasic random sampling method. Participants completed measures of Attachment Styles (ECR-S), Marital Quality (QMI), Conflict Resolution Strategies (ROCI-2) and Relationship Attributions (RAM). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and also the indirect effects were tested using bootstrapping method of AMOS/18 software. Results showed that statistically, the data showed a good fit for the proposed model. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that anxiety and avoidance attachment styles have negative indirect impact on marital quality with the mediation of causal and responsibility attributions and dominating and avoiding conflict resolution strategies. However, anxiety and avoidance attachment styles didn’t have any direct effect on marital quality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of group administered form of mindfulness-based stress reduction program for fibromyalgia severity. In a quasi-experimental design, a randomized controlled trial with baseline, post treatment, and follow-up assessments along with control group was conducted. Twenty-five patients with fibromyalgia by convenience sampling selected from patients attending Parsian Hospital in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=13; under administration of mindfulness-based stress reduction program in 8 group sessions once a week) or control group (n=12). All participants completed a questionnaire requesting demographic information and the Combined Index of Severity of Fibromyalgia (ICAF) in three phases of baseline, post treatment and follow-up. Results of analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the patients receiving the mindfulness-based stress reduction program reported less severity of fibromyalgia and overall better functioning than control group patients in post treatment (3 months after the baseline assessment) and follow-up (9 months after the baseline assessment) periods. According to the results, group mindfulness-based stress reduction program is an effective method in decreasing the severity of fibromyalgia. Implications for further research and possible clinical applications are discussed.

Whether a woman is employed or not seems to play an important role in her attitude and beliefs towards child rearing. This study investigated the role of employed mothers’ attitudes to creativity on students’ creativity with regard to the mediating effect of locus of control. One hundred and three students (60 girls and 43 boys) with mothers (25-42 years) from elementary schools in the city of Shiraz participated in this study. Mothers completed Parent as a Teacher Inventory (PATT). Students completed Nowicki – Strickland Internal-External Control Scale and Torrance Test creativity form.Results indicate that the mothers’ attitude to creativity had direct and indirect effects on creativity. Attitude to play and frustration were significant positive predictors of locus of control. Attitude to creativity and play were direct and positive predictors of children's creativity. Finally, internal locus of control was a significant positive predictor of creativity in children. This study suggests a mediating effect of locus of control on the relationship between mothers’ attitudes to creativity and children's creativity.

There has been an increasing interest in optimism and its underlying characteristics after the development of positive psychology. Many studies suggest that there is a significant difference between the optimists and pessimists in attention to positive and negative information and stimuli. Because of the cognitive nature of attention, however, people’s expectancies and goals also may play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of optimism and having a goal on attention bias.60 participants were divided into two groups (optimists and pessimists) using the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier and Carver, 1985).They looked at positive and negative stimuli each of which was either associated with their goals or not. Subject’s gaze was measured using an eye-tracking device (SMI Model).Analysis showed that goal oriented optimists looked significantly more than their non goal oriented counterparts at positive stimuli. However, pessimists with and without goal orientation did not differ in this respect. There were no significant differences between the groups as far attention to negative stimuli was concerned. Results support the interactional effect of optimism and goal orientation on attention bias and suggest that they moderate each other as cognitive and affective constructs.

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychological disorder in children. This research aimed to determine and compare the effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) and Psycho stimulant drug in improving clinical symptoms of children with ADHD. The research design was pretest, posttest, and follow-up with two experimental groups. 23 ADHD children were selected by convenience sampling and inclusion- exclusion criteria. Two groups were matched according to the severity of their disorders and randomly assigned to drug therapy (n=11) and CACR (n=12) groups.The research tools included the Persian version of SNAP-IV scale, the short form of WISC-R and Child Syndrome Inventory (CSI-4). Data were analyzed using RMMANOVA, a mixed design ANOVA. The CACR had an effective and enduring effect on reducing clinical symptoms of ADHD. Although CACR in comparison to drug therapy, did seem to have an effect in improving clinical symptoms; but this effect did not reach statistical significance. Overall, cognitive training was shown to be effective in improving motivational and motor as well cognitive symptoms.Therefore, CACR can be used as an alternative technique to psych stimulant drugs in the treatment of ADHD.

According to the importance of job stress and exhaustion at workplaces, this research was carried out with the aim of studying the relationship between stress and exhaustion with aggression, considering the moderating role of conflict with supervisor and coworkers and conflict management styles.283 employees of an industrial company in Isfahan, were selected using random sampling and responded to Interpersonal Conflict at Workplace Questionnaire (ICWQ), Aggression at Workplace Questionnaire (AWQ), Conflict Management Styles Questionnaire (CMSQ), Job Stress Questionnaire (JSQ) and Emotional Exhaustion Questionnaire (EEQ). Results revealed that there were significant relations between job stress and the following variables: conflict with coworkers, conflict with supervisor, emotional exhaustion, aggression, and avoidance. Conflict with coworkers was correlated with conflict with supervisor, emotional exhaustion, aggression, forcing, and avoidance.There were significant relations between conflict with supervisor and emotional exhaustion, aggression, and avoidance. Emotional exhaustion was related to aggression, yielding, forcing, and avoidance. Results also revealed that in high yielding, the strongest relationship was. between emotional exhaustion and aggression; in low compromising and problem solving, the strongest relationship was between emotional exhaustion and aggression and in high forcing and avoidance, there exactly the same pattern emerged.

Use of mobile technology has increased dramatically among different people including university students. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate gender differences in motivation, type and rate of mobile use in students considering socio- cultural and educational factors.300 students were selected among students attending Isfahan University. Research instruments included a researcher made questionnaire (Motivation for Mobile Phone Usage Inventory, MMUI) which included questions regarding motivation, demographic questions, the type and rate of mobile use among students. Results indicated significant differences among students in terms of the type of mobile use. There were also significant correlations between marital status and parents’ educational level with the rate of mobile use. There was no significant correlation between gender and the rate of mobile use among students.Results of the present study is in line with other research investigating different media and technologies such as computer, Internet, laptop, etc. which show gender differences in the pattern of use of these media.