Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2015 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:13

Background: Book is where original thoughts originates from the depth of the feelings, and as it rises from the spirit of the narrator in its special conditions, in similar circumstances, can influence the reader. For example, word that rises from the heart, inevitably sits on the heart. From the beginning, the reason for writing the book was to guide and train the human spirit in order to preserve past experiences and nowadays, it is called book therapy. In the ancient and rich culture of Iran, book was used for the following purposes:As a means to develop wisdom and ideas. The stories of Shahrzad and Shah (the king), Ahmad Ebne Abdullah Khajestani and Writing of Syasatnameh and Ghabusnameh are examples of it.The history of book Therapy in Iranian culture has been discussed in this article. The method of the research is descriptive review.Conclusion: The book can be very effective in the development and excellence of morality in the recent modern society. Persian literary texts are full of books that aim to develop the ethical aspects either in individual or social level. Therefore, book should be used as a valuable resource in the treatment. Book therapy is considerable in two parts: developmental book therapy and clinical book therapy. All books in the field of educational literature are a type of developmental book therapy. Rewriting of the allegory stories can be used as clinical book therapy.

Background: Large scale biobanks have emerged as a central data resource for biomedical research. Countries of all over the world have invested heavily in the establishment of these research infrastructures. They are regarded as necessary to elucidate the complex and interrelated genetic and environmental factors that contribute to human disease. The repeated and long term use of samples is allowed by these platforms. Therefore, they need the long term contribution of research participants and continued connection between the biobank and the participant’s health, lifestyle, genealogical and demographic information. In practice, these approaches have generated enormous ethical debates. In addition, development of modern biobanks with international sample and data exchange, and availability of whole genome technologies have expanded these ethical challenges.Conclusion: Although the social benefit of biobanking has been used to justify altering well-established ethical norms. However, along with progress of bio-banks, the close monitoring and protecting of ethical aspects, especially privacy, by ethical committee seems necessary. This article reviews the recent ethical challenges of biobanks.

Background: It appears that in the present era, people are looking for something beyond the financial issues in organizations; experiences that make them more meaningful and targeted. Accordingly, the present study aimed at analyzing professional spirituality in universities based on university spirituality components.Method: The study adopted a descriptive approach to conduct the study. The statistical population comprised all staffs at Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran in 2014 of whom 278 subjects were selected using cluster random sampling. The data collection tool was the tendency to spirituality questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis and one sample t-test were used to analyze the results.Results: The results of the study indicated that there were eight main components of spirituality at universities including believing in the supernaturalism, engaging in work with precision and confidence, understanding and aligning with the values associated with the trans-sensory perception, working for the sake of God and trusting others, having purposes in work to help the community, living objectively, believing in the afterlife and loving others. Moreover, the data analysis showed that the spirituality in workplace in universities is above average.Conclusion: Spirituality is an undeniable fact that not only plays an important role in individuals’ organizational life but it also determines the success and growth of an organization which should be specially considered and strengthened.

Background: One of the most important factors in reducing organizational conflict is effective communication that several factors might affect it. Several studies have pointed to these factors. This article aims to explain the impact of ethics on effective communication staff will also refer to the role of mediator variables.Method: The method of study is correlation. The population of the research staff of the hot-rolled Steel Complex. 134 samples were selected using simple random sampling formula. A questionnaire was used to collect data, which consists of five sections: ethics, wisdom, spirituality, virtue, and communication. In addition to data analysis, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and path analysis model in LISREL software was used.Results: Based on the output path model and t-values, results showed that between ethics, wisdom, spirituality, virtue and effective communication within the organization there is a significant relationship. In other words, the 10 relationship between the variables mutually were determined, that 9 relationship was significant and only relationship between virtue and effective communication was not significant.Conclusion: Based on acquired result, we can help planning organization in order to increase productivity with using ethical parameters influencing effective communication, also, based on the principles of ethics and social impact of Iranian-Islamic culture; conditions provide to create relationship between managers with Islamic characteristics.

Background: The observance of professional standards and ethics by the university staff members affects the process and products of higher education. Hence, the present study aims to analysis of the student’s perspectives about the professor's professional ethics and standards and its relation with the higher education quality assurance.Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation. 252 students were chosen through stratified random selection procedure out of the whole population of higher education students of Bu-Ali Sina University. Two questionnaires of professional ethics and quality assurance were applied in this study, and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software.Results: The analyses show that students approved the professors' professional ethics as "Relatively desirable". However, a significant gap was found between the optimum level and the current existing level of the professors' professional ethics. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that the direct effect of professional ethics on quality assurance is positive and significant.Conclusion: Attention to staff members' professional ethics can be one of the basic strategies for quality assurance in higher education system.

Background: Interpersonal trust is a kind of organizational trust that its decline or reduction causes negative consequences in organization. In this regard, this study was aimed to examine interpersonal trust outcomes and its dynamics in organization through a structural equation modeling.Method: Research method of this study is correlation. Population of study includes all employees of Dezful public organizations. 365 members of sample were selected randomly and then questionnaires related to research variables were prepared and after ensuring their reliability and content validity were distributed. In order to test the hypotheses, first of all, measurement models were estimated and tested. Finally, data were fitted to structural equation.Results: It was discovered that the direct paths of vertical interpersonal trust to innovative behavior, organizational identity, and work engagement, and also its indirect paths to organizational commitment and job satisfaction are significantly positive (a=0.05). Second, the horizontal interpersonal trust has a significant positive impact on work engagement and job satisfaction directly, and an indirectly positive impact on organizational commitment. Third, despite the directly organizational commitment impact on organizational citizenship behavior, horizontal interpersonal trust has no significant effect on these behaviors. Also, there is a meaningful positive relationship between vertical and horizontal trust.Conclusion: It is expected that both types of interpersonal trust will be improved through reinforcing their distinct antecedents and then their direct and indirect outcomes like job satisfaction, job engagement, organizational commitment, organizational identification, and innovative behavior be obtained.

Background: Employee's passive presence and their reluctance to interfere with the affairs is the interest and common phenomena in organizations. Attitudes and perceptions of human resources of an organization and their perceptions have influence on their performance and contribution or silence in corporate affairs. Thus, the study according to the concepts involved in making the attitude toward of organization trying to find patterns between triple moral queries in the organization, organizational identity, and organizational silence.Method: The study is descriptive-correlation. The study sample comprised all employees of Urmia University. The study sample comprised all employees of the University. The study sample comprised all employees of the University. The Used data collected of209 employees who have been selected randomly using a questionnaire and the proposed conceptual model has been tested using path analysis.Results: The results showed that egoistic climate has negative relations with Sense of solidarity and Support the organization components and benevolent climate has direct and significant relation with all three components of organizational identity. Principled climate had no significant relation with none of the components of organizational identity. The results also suggest that the only egoistic climate have significant correlation with organizational silence. About the relationship between organizational identity and silence all three components of solidarity, support and understanding of the common characteristics had significant relation with organizational silence. However, the relation of two components; a feeling of solidarity and support was reversed but relation of understanding of the common characteristics with organizational silence was direct.Conclusion: According to the findings, we can conclude that The Benevolent climate have the least relationships with organizational silence and Egoistic climate silence is the greatest predictor of types of silence.

Background: Explaining the role of tax morale in the relationship between social capital and tax compliance is the most important research area. Because, there are many evidences showing that the decision to pay the taxes to be influenced by factors other than mentioned in the economics of crime approach. The main goal of this research is to investigate the mediator role of tax morale in the relationship between social capital and tax compliance. Method: This is an applied research in terms of aim and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection. Research population consists of 715 tax payers in fraternity of home appliances and jewelers that 163 of them were selected through random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data through LISREL and SPSS software.Results: Results show social capital with standardized coefficient of 0.49 and significance of 5.03 had positive effect on tax morale. Also, tax morale had positive effect on tax compliance with standardized coefficient of 0.86 and significance of 6.16.Conclusion: The present study confirmed the significant effect of social capital on tax compliance and mediator role of tax morale between their relationships.

Background: Due to the focus of new organization and management paradigms on the concepts like ethics, faith, spirituality, social responsibility and virtue, attempts of country’s scientific community is for domestication and presentation of organizational model suitable for Iranian-Islamic society. This research aims to determine the indicators of ethical work climate and to study the relationship of spirituality variables, obligation requirements, ethical leadership style and organizational spirituality as predictors of obligatory ethical work climate. Method: This is descriptive-correlation study. Population of this research includes all experts and elites in management field. In sample selection process, snowball sampling method was used. Therefore, the research panel was formed by participation of 35 academic elites and religious scholars. Research tools were questionnaires that made by Delphi method. Presented model was analyzed by structural equations modeling method (SEM). Results: Results of the study showed that applied model was a suitable theoretical model in the process of forming ethical climate and all direct relationships among the model’s variables were significant. Results of structural equations modeling showed that spirituality accounts for 71% of obligation requirements variation, obligation requirements account for 97% of organizational spirituality variation, obligation requirements account for 82% of ethical leadership variations and organizational spirituality and ethical leadership explains 83% of ethical work climate variance.Conclusion: Based on the findings, regulation criterion is not a suitable criterion for acting based on ethical work climate. Three principles divine command; justice and beneficence form the ethical work climate with obligation-oriented approach.

Background: Successful businesses are continually looking for increasing their customer satisfaction and other stakeholders and the way to achieve this objective in implementing moral standards found. Ethics observance by the producers can be an important factor in the most important business assets, is the trust of our customers. This study sought to observe moral values such as social responsibility, green product manufacturing, trust, transparency and healthy competition with competitors by the producers and its relationship with consumer behavior have been examined.Method: This study describes the kind of relationship. population of study includes all of the consumers Samsung products in Kermanshah. Among all, 384 people of Samsung consumers in Kermanshah are selected as a sample size. Sampling was done by stratified random method. questionnaire was used For collect data .in this analysis, The Spearman correlation coefficient for answer the research questions, regression model to investigate the relationship between variables and Friedman test to rank the components (SPSS software) was used.Results: Results showed that observed ethic values of the producers Has a direct and positive relationship on consumer behavior and in ranking Components of ethical Principle of honesty have the highest relationship with behavior of consumers.Conclusion: Observance of moral values by Samsung on consumer behavior is influenced so that it can encourage consumers to choose the Samsung brand.

Background: Spirituality in the Work can be a positive powerful force for living of the people, because they will create a more enjoyable, balanced and meaningful work by integration it with their spiritual life and will foster their soul. The purpose of this research was study the relation between spirituality and organizational health with organizational entrepreneurship in the University of Tehran.Method: Statistical population of this research was 1840 staffs of the University of Tehran who 230 samples were selected by simple random sampling method. The main Instrument was an electronic questionnaire by which data was collection, the faculty members of University of Tehran assessed its validity, and its reliability was calculated by Cranach's alpha coefficient.Results: Results of the regression show that 74 percent of factors that affect on the organizational entrepreneurship, they are explained by the spirituality in the work, development and efficiency, participation in decision-making and innovation respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that these three areas have a positive interactions relationship, thus have an attention to them can be effective in improvement of the organizational entrepreneurship.

Background: The recent bankruptcies of large corporations and financial crises brought a serious loss to all stakeholders and investors lost a lot of opportunities. According to researchers, non-ethical behavior in corporate earnings management can be a moral failure. The main purpose of this paper is investigation of relationship between ethics behavior and earnings management.Method: The research method is applicable-descriptive survey. The population includes two groups, including financial directors of large private companies in Yazd province and Postgraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Yazd. The sample includes 110 private companies that should be more than 50 personnel and 180 graduate accounting students studying at Islamic Azad University of Yazd spend the last year of his academic year. Data were collected through a questionnaire and in the analysis, Variables measured parameters were determined using factor analysis in SPSS Software. To examine the relationship between variables (continuous and abnormal), the spearman correlation test was used.Results: The results indicate that there is no difference between ethics, idealism and relativism and their hypothesis is not confirmed. According to The second hypothesis, (the demographic) Gender and professional ethics in business have not shown a significant relationship with earnings management and their hypothesis is not confirmed. But the current situation (financial managers, students), education, age, duration of academic degree, professional ethics at the University, accounting experience, showed a significant relationship with earnings management And were approved.Conclusion: Unethical behavior of earnings management; whether the relativism and the idealists; may cause moral failure and bankruptcy of the company.