BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2017 | Volume:14 | Issue:48|Papers Count:8

The main issue of this paper is to find the theoretical foundations of the presence of Machine in the works of Russian Avant-garde artists, or to provide an explanation for the Machine aesthetics; this will be carried out by tracing those foundations in the ideas of Karl Marx. During the 1917 revolution, Marx’s ideas were effective in opening Russian art’s doors toward the Machine. According to the hypothesis of this study, the Avant-garde artists chose different ways to express their ideology to be in step with the revolution; thus the application of the Machine and displaying its features, was one of the most prominent characteristics of their works. It was in the same direction that certain artistic schools such as Russian Futurism, Constructivism, and Productivism Emerged, and the presence of Machine elements was their common feature. These elements that somehow represented the era of giant automatic systems highly attracted Marx’s attention in writing his social philosophy. Thus, the Russian Avant-garde art’s structure, has its origin in Marx’s practical philosophy. The question is how these Russian Avant-garde artists, saw themselves along with the revolutionaries and in the same line with the workers. In this context, and considering the existing documents and evidences, it will be clear that one of the key components of the emergence of the Machine into the realm of art was the annihilation of the social contradictions intended by Marx, namely, the contrast between the progress of science and the human welfare that should have been brought by it, and the difficult conditions which the masses were actually struggling with. The artists believed that in this manner, the Machine was no longer in the hands of Capitalists exclusively; instead, by fitting in the comprehensive realm of art, it could have belonged to the individuals. Breaking with tradition, and what Marx had recommended for raising the level of the proletariat’s consciousness are among other key components. According to Marx, this could accelerate criticizing the existing situation, by expanding creativity and the spirit of inquiry toward a dynamic critical culture. The last component is to display the nature and manner of production, after the revolution; it aims to create the construction flow, and to encourage the proletariat to strengthen their society and to progress it through industrial development.

On the one hand, the absence of seismic rehabilitation in conservation projects and restoration of historical buildings and on the other, the territorial characteristics reveal an insufficient cognition and inexperience in conservation. Inadequate knowledge and high level of seismic rehabilitation leads to projects which will not be accepted by conservation authorities owing to massive interventions and ignoring the building value. Therefore, the seismic rehabilitation as a significant issue is obliterated during conservation process. In other words, the effective seismic rehabilitation in conservation process of historical buildings is only possible by recognizing the current deficiencies in seismic rehabilitation procedure of historical buildings and developing its own methodology. Using logical reasoning, this research tries to represent a theoretical basis of seismic rehabilitation in relation to conservation principles, from the earliest to the most recent approaches, interventions, strategies and rehabilitation solutions. Therefore, this research is theoretical in nature and aims at making seismic rehabilitation of historical buildings distinct from the other ones and divides it to two reinforcement and repairing branches. Thereafter, it focuses on reinforcement branch for its coordination with preventive conservation. Moreover, it offers new definitions of seismic rehabilitation value and the intervention anti-value. The anti-value of intervention will then be recognized for all solutions and rehabilitation levels. Eventually, the intervention network based on the acknowledged rehabilitation aspects such as rehabilitation type, intervention form, rehabilitation cost, returnability limitations and technology type in all solutions is provided. At the end the required infrastructures for exterminating the current deficiencies in seismic rehabilitation of historical buildings are pointed out. Interaction and confrontation of historical conservation ideas and seismic rehabilitation knowledge in defining the strategies and solutions is the prominent feature of this research.

Balance and equilibrium are the necessities of a sustainable system. When balance in deteriorated textures and among indices of “the average balance in a city” is impaired due to a disconnection or disorder in networks, flows and interconnections, it will intensify imbalance, and so lead to disturbance in the sustainable order of these urban textures. The balanced renovation theory as a local theory tries to present an efficient and creative model.This research is an attempt to establish a balanced path through studying, recognition and realization of effective elements. This method expresses relations between variables and the renovation process. To achieve this theory, the author tried to move mutually from “subjective” elements to the “objective” ones, in order to prove the hypothesis by using an inductive and deductive approach.The balanced renovation theory tries to redefine balance in the deteriorated fabrics renovation system using the six following intellects “normative-strategic”, “practical-native”, “social-economic”, “procedural-content”, “explanatory-descriptive”, and “scientific-scientific”, and presents the studies, analysis, and to explain and introduce the principles of balanced renovation. The findings of studies has considered a framework for the balance between successive dichotomies and elements of the thematic networks in urban textures and the balance of the entire system networks consists of four principles: Balance (as the stem cells of renovation), avoidance of complexity (among the complex and multifaceted elements of modernization), succession of dichotomies (as the smallest unit of detection, identification and assessment of balance) and internal and external interaction (establishment of networks’ continuous interactions and the entire system with each other) has been obtained.

The creation and configuration of the universe depends on the imagination of a “Journey” in the existence realms. This journey contains Source/Beginning, Direction, and the Destination which can make the main structure of the existence to organize the “place”. Using this cosmetic place, there will be a place created for the “life’s flow”; the life in which people experience the existence. Accepting these ideas, one can argue that “place” as “center” is rooted in the philosophy of being.Both Isfahan school of thought and Heidegger, separately, introduce some basic ideas according to the concept of “Existence/Existing” from which we come up with scope of the co-existence among the concepts of “universe”, “place”, “life”, and “center”.In this article, referring to the above mentioned ideas, we will try to find out what would the real meaning of the center be. This task leads to the using of the hermeneutic in an adaptive approach in terms of research method, although structure basics are rooted in the realm of Logical reasoning.The subjects that will be considered in this article will adapt the grounded ontological points of views in both schools which interpret universe, human being, and the world. Based on the findings from these considerations we will search for the meaning of center in those areas.The findings of this research can help us to have the clearer understanding of the concept of the meaning of center in a historical realm which will lead to a better understanding of this concept in our time. Knowing this aspect, the meaning of center from an ontological scope to the biological one can be transformed.

The study of urban space as a structural element in cities has attracted growing attention in recent years. Certainly, public spaces serve as an essential factor that can increase urban arrangement, create and maintain a strong local center and enhance the quality of superior environment and the sense of citizenship. Moreover, integrity has been treated as the most basic structural quality and one of the essential principles and concepts of cities. Integrated urban spaces demonstrate the integrated structure of spatial organization in a city where not only the connection between forms and functions of spaces, but also the identity and its place in the complex urban system are taken into account. Therefore, the processes of planning, designing and construction of urban spaces can contribute to the resolution of structural problems in urban models such as inconsistency, which is related to spatial analysis.The main purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual model for an integrated network of urban spaces to help the decision-making process. Certainly, these networks strengthen urban structure and integrity, and contribute to the socio-economic growth and prosperity for city dwellers. Accordingly, the study seeks to explore the factors influencing the interconnected urban spaces network and to propose a conceptual model for its development. The research was exploratory-explanatory and a comparative analysis was adopted for the decision-making process.The main research method was content analysis and inductive reasoning. The results revealed that urban spaces were located in a network logic and to achieve spatial integrity, socialization, physical form, sense and functional indicators of each space were united with other spaces via integrity indicators including consistency, continuity, hierarchy, etc.

India is one of the countries that has had diverse civilizations from the distant past, so in architectural standpoint, this country is rich and varied. The arrival of Islam in India and the formation of Islamic governments led to the formation of a certain type of Islamic architecture in this subcontinent. The architecture of Indian mosques is evaluated as a prominent model of Islamic architecture of subcontinent. This study is based on the assumption that the pattern of Indian mosques architecture is a combination of early Iranian-Islamic architecture of mosques and Indian vernacular architecture. Finding the roots of Architectural features of Indian mosques is the subject of this article. In this paper, the influence of early Islamic mosques’ architecture and rich and historical architecture of India on Indian mosques architecture before the arrival of Islam and the architecture of developed Islamic civilizations in the Indian neighborhoods such as Iran, is studied. Generally Indian mosques architectural features include prayer-hall in the Qibla direction, existence of courtyard, Four-Iwan pattern, crusts odd divisions, especially triple ones, presence of mosque in plaza and its position on a Soffeh (in height), access to the mosque entrances by wide stairs, triple divisions of Gonbad Khane in the Qibla direction and the use of transparent porticos around courtyard (Half of the outer crust that has external view). Finding the roots of features of above architecture in this paper will lead to a discovery of Indian mosques architectural patterns.