BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2016 | Volume:12 | Issue:35|Papers Count:6

Urbanism is formed of the interaction of two different, but related sciences of urban design and urban planning which have changed and improved due to their mutual interaction. The contemporary urbanism developments unlike the past are accomplished via combining the urban design and planning measures, so that they have a tendency to become a unique process. Consideration of urban environment in the process and planning of the urban development has led to a greater interaction between planning and design and the necessity of taking it into account in the urban planning process has resulted in the formation of new approaches in urbanism fields. In this research, which is of the comparative-analytical type, the conceptual model of Design led planning approach has been proposed following library studies and analysis of the content of design-based planning approach which is generally consisted of nine steps. 1) The plan statement: The city is continuously in need of planning and designing. To solve the urban problems, there must always be programs defined by the city managers, in order to address shortcomings and appropriate measures in any particular condition. At the beginning of each project, background literature, theories and similar conducted studies might be explained in separate chapters. In the following section and based on the conceptual model (DLP) it is necessary to briefly explain the issues being studied and examine the considered design. Location, plan and design of the political context are explained. A general and basic vision is presented for the visualization of a desired future as well as the design of policies expressed in the planning process. 2) The recognition, assessment and data analysis: In this stage, there needs to be a greater recognition of the situation. In general, recognition can be classified into four categories of knowledge that are: a) the prevailing climatic conditions such as temperature, wind direction, rainfall, the snow and the sunshine. b) General information about the economic, social and cultural features. c) Review and analysis of the study area in Upper documents. d) Recognition of the quality of the environment and the public space. 3) The explanation of the spatial and non-spatial integrated analysis: In the process of urban planning and designing, possibilities and limitations are affecting the planning and design of all different types of policies. At this stage of the process of the proposed model (DLP), possibilities and limitations identified in the previous stage are entered in GIS in the form of point features, line and polygon, and information on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats initiated in the database are inserted. 4) Explanation of the vision: Vision is a clear and concise description of future appearance of the city which will appear in the future, when the potentials of all its power put into effect. The importance of vision and visioning in the determination of economic, social and physical future of cities and districts is so significant that it can be considered as the heart of the process of urban planning and designing. 5) Strategy formulation: Developing strategies in order to determine the various actions that are planned will achieve a coherent and considered vision. In accordance with the recognition of the study area defined and in the course of the realization of the vision, strategies need to be developed. 6) The modeling and preparation of the document framework of the urban planning and designing: Structural design or urban design guidelines reflect the spatial and non-spatial urban designing policies which are shown based on the concept of optimization in the form of tables and maps in GIS. Urban planning documents are prepared for areas that need control, guidance and encouragement in order to be changed and evolved. To reach fulfillment in showing flexibility in the preparation of urban design guideline documents, fuzzy logic (Fuzzy Logic) has been used and zoning maps with the relevant tables have been prepared using GIS. 7) Allocation of resources, standards and design patterns: The main motive for the implementation of development projects is consideration of financial resources. Consideration of financial expenses required for policies causes solidarity in their implementation. In urban planning and designing, observing criteria and appropriate proposed patterns is necessary. 8) The projects and designing of proposed plans: To reach fulfillment in proposed policies, some projects must be considered at this stage and suggested maps must be drawn. Several projects May be required for each and every policy, or the implementation of one of the projects may make a policy become certain. In designing suggested maps, the allocation of resources, presented conditions and patterns must be considered as the bases of the design. 9) The implementation and monitoring: The implementation stage is a difficult part in the process of design led planning (DLP) in urban development plans. Implementation and monitoring are done at the same time. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms create feedback links in the DLP process.The design led planning approach in the process of making urban development plan considers different design policies in the process of planning, and using a comprehensive and firm plan leads to achieve the determined goals and helps promote the quality of the city environment.

By extinction of Qajar dynasty and Reza khan reign, pseudo modern thoughts were formed in Iran. The layout of streets design implemented as the first aspects of modern urbanization on old (ancient) contextures, and this not only had negative influence (effect) on sectional system and Bazaar as most general civil spaces, but also damaged the spatial structure and civil associated hierarchy (status quo). In pre courses, Bazaar played a role as civil back bone, while after this period the streets became powerful borders by implementation of the layout of and Bazaar’s powerful edge was replaced by street edges. As mentioned, layout of streets design implemented as the first aspect of modern urbanization, in some cities including Hamadan. Design preparation for Hamadan, was assigned to a German named Carl Frish whose plan was approved in October, 1931 and began in 1932 and finally completed simultaneously with the beginning of improvement and reconstruction design implementation of Joolan sector. During 1990s (Gregorian calendar) the plan was identical with a star which formed one square and six avenues branching from its center with angles of 60 degree. This paper uses descriptive – analytic method in research and utilizes space syntax and Depth map software to evaluate the effect of Carl Frish’s process on Hamadan status. At first city map of Hamadan is studied at 3 courses, 1918-1932(before layout Streets), 1932-1960 (implementation of one square and six avenues) and 1960-2014(implementation of cingulated streets and completion of prepared project) followed by providing an axial map and city in foresaid software. According to the software results, the mean of total city association before layout of streets (at 1918) is equal with 0.311 and the most associated part of city in this era is the series of Bazaar (that consists of caravansaries and commercial building and shops) to maximum amount of associating 0.449. Meanwhile the amount of standard deviation which introduces solidarity of city is equal with 0.054 in this era. However, after the implementation of street design layouts according to Carl Frish (implementation of one square and six streets) the amount of total association has changed to 1.48 and increased the amount of standard deviation to 0.199. By completion of the design that is by formation of cingulated streets in 1990s (Gregorian Calendar), the average association reaches to 0.775 with the most association in Carl Frish’s street and maximum amount of 1.46 with standard deviation of 0.209. As it is clear in relevant software, during the implementation of Carl Frish’s design the amount of city associating has increased. It is also citable that the mentioned plan (Carl Frish’s plan) at the first course (1932 to 1953) towards the second course (1960) has contained more amount of associating, which is signified that by formation of cingulated streets the amount of total city associating has reduced inside sectors. On the other hand in previous course of layout of streets associated part of city (Bazaar and its shops) are illustrated by color (red) which receded from hot color to cold colors (blue). While in next course (after formation of street) the amount of accessibility is possible. From this era to next (layout of street formation) the red color axis (street) is the most associating part of city and commercial spaces in these streets can be concessive of it. Although the amount of associating is increased, disregard of hierarchy of communication spaces is drastic. Associating reduction in Bazaar which once was the highest is not positive. In reviewing the urban structure it can be said that, although after implementation of street layouts, the amount of associating has increased. But regarding addition in the amount of standard deviation after layout of street, have been met at the reduction of structuralism and city coordination and balance collision and urban solidarity. In fact by formation of the six streets, Hamadan is tattered and missed its own coordination and civic solidarity. As it said maximum value of association is equal with 0.44 which belongs to main series (shops) of Bazaar in Hamadan, at pre course street layouts. While the maximum association at next course (1932-1953) is equal to 1.486 which belongs to formation of avenues in Carl Frish’s project. As a result, in generation of these streets, Bazaar which had the most associated space lost its strength and the street as the most associated civil spaces were formed. After formation of cingulated streets, the maximum value of association is equal with 1.46 in next course (1960to decade 90), which belongs to Carl Frish’s streets design. Streets of Carl Frish’s resulted most association of civil space and it is manifested at its maximum value of association after formation after formation of cingulated streets which has diminished the important of pre course streets access. Eventually it seems that cingulated streets have undertaken the quantitative of access rate of the streets.• Generally we can summarize the influence of Carl Frish’s project on status of Hamadan as follows:• To waste spatial hierarchy or hierarchy of connection ways.• To reduce association or Bazaar access which has been the most general civil space in Qajar era.• To present avenue as city backbone• To collide the spatial balance or civil structural system

Knowing the characteristics of the architecture is required for assessing its physical components - generally called “mass”- and understanding of the characteristics which are accomplished in the presence of “non-mass” -that is called space-. Architecture is not independent of the existence of mass and space; the different qualities of architectural spaces are formed by different ratios of the mass and space concepts called mass – space system. Indeed, the architectural mass - space system creates architectural spaces with different qualities by creating physical - cognitive and physical – functional structures. Therefore, the recognition of the mass - space system and its characteristics can improve the knowledge of designers and architects about the quality of architectural space and place. In the architecture literatures of the past century, space and place terminology have been widely used. The meaning of these two words are sometimes so close together that have almost one meaning and sometimes they are completely distinct, sometimes they have specific meaning, and sometimes they have a complex, mental, cultural and unclear concept. Different definitions presented for these concepts in the fields of philosophy, science, phenomenology and psychology show that there is a fundamental relationship between space and place. Evaluation of concepts show that space is an abstract concept compared to the place, that means space is a location and area for things but the place is a space combined with the human characteristics. According to these hypotheses This article attempts to explain the fundamental and effective role of the mass - space system in the quality of place: a. The mass - space system is a fundamental concept which is the origin and the foundation of architecture, b. Mass - space system causes illustration of the physical and conceptual characteristics of architectural works as well as providing structure of place and c. Mass - space system over time by creating physical - cognitive and physical – functional structures provides activities and meanings of the place therefore causes it to be manifested. In order to explain the hypotheses, firstly mass - space system is evaluated and its components are explained, and then the main components of the place are proposed and components of architecture and place are compared and interpreted. The methodology of this study is based on descriptive - analytical method and logical reasoning and is based on the investigation and analysis, comparison, interpretation of related documents. Finally, this study shows that three characteristics of “restriction”, “circulation style” and “proportion” that are resulted from the mass - space system, reveal the quality of architectural place. Actually, the mass - space system is a collection of two main parts of matter and idea that matter refers to amorphous and non-limited area, which have the capacity of accepting the architectural idea and the idea introduces the structural relationship between meaning and function. Despite the fact that the architectural matter is generally known to be physical subject, based on the presented definitions of mass – space system, even the amorphous space is the matter, so when the architectural idea influences amorphous space and mass, then these concepts obtain form and shape and mass – space system is created as a mental subject as opposed to the mass. In addition, knowing the architecture effect means the study of physical properties of mass and cognitive properties of space. In other words, all physical and metaphysical features and capabilities of the architecture cannot be attributed to the space concept.

The historical neighborhoods need to change in order to survive; a change that conserve the values. Until now, the values and the criteria of change are resulted from global documents and experts’ opinions whose viewpoints have integrated conservation and regeneration approach. In this approach, the criteria are introduced as “Significance” and “Economic vitality”. Therefore, with respect to three values of historical urban fabric including “Historical value”, “Cultural value” and “Current value”; and according to the Principle of “harmony” whose interpretation comments two principles of “respect and preserve neighborhood values” and “do not imitate” included “respect to principles and values of present and future” and “respect to change” for continuity and sustainability of historical neighborhood in the past, present and future time; these criteria are represented by Criterion of “Respecting for and preservation of historical and cultural value of the neighborhood”, Criterion of “Preservation and upgrading the current value of the neighborhood” and Criterion of “The use of criteria what value to building of neighborhood for new design”. First criterion includes four sub-criteria “Observance of authenticity”, “Observance of integrity”, “Observance of identity and character” and “Observance of Continuation of collective memory and historical memory”. Second criterion includes four “Physical improvement”, “Economic improvement”, “Promotion of social capital” and “Functional improvement”. Accordingly, the “change” should be observed values of creation process itself, for example, the quality of the idea, quality of design and the quality of its relationship with the environment and nature”, on the best possible level of compliance. However, considering the values as one of the dimensions of environment quality which are perceived by residents, people’s opinions on the values and change criteria are more important than experts. In this regard this article is going to find the values of the historical neighborhood from residents’ perspective and their criteria in order to apply the appropriate change. The Main question investigates how change in the historical neighborhood can upgrade the quality of these areas according to re\sidents?Querying is found in form of qualitative paradigm and by content analysis method. Used approaches of content analysis in the article are Conventional Content Analysis and Summative Content Analysis. Information is achieved by Semi-depth interviews with eighteen persons of three historical neighborhoods of Yazd. These neighborhoods are Dar-osh-Shafa, Posht-e Bagh and Sahl-ebne-Ali that have been changed for regeneration. Interviewees include age groups of young, Middle-aged and elderly, both male and female. Having chosen the interviewees, opinions of large number of people about maintenance of historical urban fabrics are questioned. This is done for choosing people to whom maintenance of historical urban fabrics is valuable. Analysis considers similarity between opinions and does not focus on differences. Three main questions in the interview were “how do you describe historical and cultural neighborhood?”, “what are the potentials of historical neighborhood for upgrading its quality?”, and “how do you evaluate the effects of change in the neighborhood on its values?”.Codes are achieved by content analysis of interviews that clarify factors of historical neighborhoods values. According to residents’ opinions the values are “dating”, “being unique”, “beauty” and “harmony and unity” as items of historical value, “identity and character”, “social capital” and “collective memories” as items of cultural value and “physical value”, “value of function”, “economic value”, “social value” and “educational value” as items of current value. According to residents’ opinion, and based on the codes and respecting to the values, criteria of change in historical neighborhood are four criteria “Respecting for and preservation of historical and cultural value of the neighborhood”, “Preservation and upgrading the current value of the neighborhood”, “Public participation” and “The use of criteria what value to building of neighborhood for new design”. First criterion includes five sub-criteria “Observance of authenticity”, “Observance of harmony and unity”, “Observance of identity and character”, “Continuity of collective memories” and “Conservation of social capital”. Second criterion includes five sub-criteria “Physical improvement”, “Economic improvement”, “Conservation and promotion of social capital”, “Functional improvement” and “Conservation of educational value”. Third criterion is observed when residents participate throughout the process of change. According to the global documents and opinions, this criterion is indicator for observance of sub- criterion of “Promotion of social capital”. Results imply that little difference is observed between experts and residents opinions; but analysis of interviews and achieved codes from residents imply that difference is on prioritization of values, criteria and sub-criteria as well as residents’ emphasis on the social factors in the values, criteria and sub-criteria. This makes the criteria of public participation as one of the important criteria of evaluating changes in historical neighborhood. Also, results imply that residents emphasize on social-human dimensions rather than physical and economical ones, viewing from inside of neighborhood, conservation rather than physical and economical development, and public participation in whole of change phases.

Following the increase in population, especially in large cities and urban transformations recently, the use of underground space has been considered in many countries as a solution to urban problems. Underground space, as surfaces that placed in underlying layers of the ground, have various features and facilities. But so far from various features of underground space to solve the urban problems, only the physical aspects have been studied to solve traffic problems, whereas one of the main urban problems is vulnerability against crises and disasters. Therefore, studying about urban underground space development and recognition of its potentials on the one hand, capabilities and investigating the features of crisis management and effective actions in each step on the other hand can be considered for achieving a solution to reduce the vulnerability of cities against crisis. In this regard, reviewing literature, studying documents related to scientific reviews, studying examples of successful international experiences and poll of 35 experts in these fields and the result of questionnaires used in Delphi fuzzy model are used in order to investigate the relationship between these two issues. From the overlap of obtained criteria in each field and the result of poll of experts, proposed criteria for underground space development has been prepared in order to control crisis management. Research achievements indicate that developing the underground spaces can be very effective in reducing the amount of casualties especially in large cities. Hence, some of the major reasons for using underground space in improve performance of crisis management are effective in use of ground through moving some of incompatible land uses, considering the humanitarian relief bases and transferring urban facilities to the underground space, creating readability through use of signage, hierarchical motion, proper lighting, quite clear entries, maintaining the safety through preventing of the consequences of the crisis in underground space as well as the possibility of opening and closing on time of all input and output doors, creating a powerful air conditioning system, structural changes in urban facilities through creating the common tunnel installation. Improving access ways through improving ways that leads to underground space, creating extremist roadway as alternative ways in crisis situations, creating connection between critical uses, organizing the social participation for identifying black spots, attention to humanitarian needs through removing fear of exposure in underground spaces, special attention to vulnerable groups can also be effective. Reducing cost through moving the urban facilities to underground space, creating the insurance facilities for compensation for damages of crisis, preventing of damage to the environment through moving and burying disposal of hazardous waste in underlying layers of the ground can lead us to impressive results. There exist overlaps between criteria of underground space development and criteria of crisis management for more than 85 percent in physical field, about 90 percent in transportation field, about 75 percent in environmental field and about 70 percent in economical field. The maximum overlap between proposed criteria there exists in physical, transportation and environmental fields. Therefore creating the extremist underground ways and connected main humanitarian relief centers through underground space development in transportation field and using underground space for disposal of hazardous substances in environmental field is in full compliance with criteria of urban crisis management. Eventually it seems that it can be used for proposed criteria from developing the underground space with the present approach.

Definitions of Islamic city have been challenged by two conflicting sides. Generally, views over this subject are divided into two types as pros and cons. Among these contrary views about Islamic city, some have undermined its existence and some have endorsed it by virtue of its features. In some cases, Islamic city have been compared with elements of west city, meanwhile it has been noted for its unique characteristics in some other cases. The one missing thing seems to be the existence of Islamic city as an independent phenomenon and as a whole unit that has been limited by particular attributes and specific samples. In early decades of 20th century, such a concept was established for the first time.This trend was started by east experts and in its most basic form; it was compared with western and classic samples that led to opposition with the concept of Islamic city. In the former definitions, the existence of Islamic city was denied due to noncompliance with these samples. From the pros’ point of view, the studies of middle-east and North African samples have led them to introduction of structure and common elements of Islamic cities. This structure depicted a framework for the Islamic city that is not extensible to all the cities in Islamic districts due the study of the city ignoring the impacting factors of its formation. Is the physic of Islamic city its distinguishing aspect compared to other cities or there are concepts which lead to this difference? How can the formal or structural features of opinions of experts in urban studies be classified? How can we consider common elements and characteristics for the cities of this territory while the current discussion has addressed the common points between different civilizations? The common features in Islamic territory can be raised from common believes which is the unifying factors of this domain. Finally, content-oriented insight to Islamic city, which considers the total municipal actions as the result of Islamic culture and believes, has added new concepts to this subject. Islamic city came into being considering its being affected by cultural, historical, climatic factors of the context in a specific historical period of time. In this article, Islamic city has been categorized into three types named as form- oriented, structure-oriented and content-oriented through the comparing related viewed in the field of Islamic city. The formal approach is a superficial and skin-deep one which compares Islamic cities with western classic cities (as Utopia for western researchers) and cites to the common elements between these two types. Structure-oriented approach has introduced the city with its physical elements and body and has achieved conclusions through studying some of Islamic cities and defined them in specific time and place. These researchers have analyzed limited case studies, generally belonging to specific governing and geographic era, and generalized the deduced features to all Islamic cities in different eras. It seems this kind of part to the whole view in defining Islamic city is not a flawless one. The main goal in Islam is to make a deep and real connection possible between mankind and God. The only different aspect of Islamic cities and other ones is the principles and concepts of the city involved in its formation. Otherwise, the Islamic city would have been a city with non-Islamic elements and be deemed invalid concepts and believes has been fulfilled in content- oriented approach toward defining Islamic city. These concepts are the physical content which have been originated from its historical, cultural and climatic backgrounds and have become applicable by considering time and space constraints. Features of Islamic city has been merged with cultural, geographic and civilization of its context and resulted in a unique city that can be named as Iranian Islamic city, Chinese Islamic city, Indian Islamic city, and etc.