PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2010 | Volume:8 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

In the time of various moral schools boasting in the west, the great famous Immanuel Kant's moral school (1724-1804), German philosopher, stepped onto the arena and with a new speculation caused a revolution in thinking world and ethics which has been compared to Copernican revolution in the world of the heavens. By establishing metaphysic and categorical doctrine and deontology of ethic's he introduced moral action in acting according to intent and fulfillment of responsibility of conscience and he believed that since reason is a general endowment, therefore rules and laws should be general. But it is important to know that what are rules and laws of reasons and how they can be obtained. Kant spoke about reality, law and social relations beyond evaluation of reason, action and reaction of human's wisdom. He knew that reality and law after criticism and analysis of wisdom and thought are recognizable and constant. From this viewpoint, Kant believed that human makes his aim and has a natural value that undoubtedly distinguishes him from other creatures. The writer intends to criticize and analyze some moral opinions of Kant from his philosophical viewpoint in moral plane and state of human attainment to real perfection and felicity under influence of practical reason.

Strangers' knowledge of eastern culture has an ancient history, specially in Islamic culture. We can also relate its first steps to earlier centuries and further stages reach after crusades. One of orientalists, study areas is Narration which always involved doubt and objection. Goldizahar has the most effectiveness on narration studies, so that it is evident in further orientalists' works.Nowadays, in the information age, the Muslim researchers' neglect has prejudicial effects on muslims' beliefs and weakens religious bases. Here, we discuss the word "Orientation" and the reason of naming orientalists such as Goldizhar. Later, the formation of orientalists' studies in narration is argued and finally four theories about narration and biography of Goldizhar are being studied. Original references are used to analyze his viewpoints and some orientalists disagreements delivered.

To express some facts, Quran has utilized diverse structures One of which is dialogue. Using different conversations, Quran conveys some facts about The Judgment Day and illustrates the difference between this world and the next world, clearly. On the other hand, the different reasons of becoming a dweller of hell or heaven are explained during these conversations. There are many verses of Quranwhich are responsible for expressing the fact of The Judgement day and its occurrence manner. All of these verses have a message in common and that is to warn the human being not to forget its origin and resurrection, and also to worship the compassionate god and not to disregard his might and rules.

Is there beyond of our body the thing that does certain deed for us? This is a question that has a long antecedent in the history of science and philosophy. Spirit, soul, mind, brain etc are answers that have been put to this question. As for, what is their nature? Is it a problem that has been always discussed?Nowadays, a part of philosophy that studies this problem is called "Philosophy of Mind". Although it is not really a new matter in philosophy, it has not a long time as a distinct part of philosophy. As for, what is stressing at present is the material statement of the discussed matter. The three theories of behaviorism, mind- brain identity and functionalism are considerable in this area.This article is seeking to state these theories and criticize them.

The history of ethics is an ancient as man's thought and the effect of thoughts of some distinguished philosophers such as Plato, is agreed among scholars in the history of philosophy.Plato believes in the interaction of society and individual to reach excellent ethic. He proceeds rather ruler's ethics because he knows sage ruler or philosopher king as columns of eutopia. Moreover in this article ethical philosophy and rulers's ethics in plato viewpoint are investigated.

Rudolf Bultmann is a prominent theologian and an expert at New Testament. He explained the only way for understanding Christian proclamation' referring to texts that this message reached us through them. The original cause of his fame is Demythologization of kerygma then it would be understandable to 20 century' s human mind. He did his task by aid of Heidegger's existentialistic philosophy and persistently confirmed that his application of this philosophy would not reduce high value of kerygma in Christian proclamation. Although Heidegger provided concepts for existentialistic Theology of Bultmann' he was previously taught important points from Lutheran tradition and believed that faith is understandable only as an existentialistic phenomenon and should be relevant to ultimate truth named God. He justified his wide applying of philosophic system of Heidegger by showing great deal of similarity between the thought of writers of New Testament and principal concept of Martin Heidegger and asserts that diversity is on words applied in expressing their meaning. It is evident that in few cases cannot compare words of Gospel with their parallels in the philosophy of Heidegger. Bultmann is a complete existentialist not a Theologian defended beliefs of New Testament.

There are four main dialogues in the history of science after Aristotle science, as below: 1. positivism and falsiferism; 2. Popper's falsiferism Dialogue and Lactoush's research; 3. Constructivism and connectivism dialogue of James Kohen; 4. Hermeneutic Dialoge. This article looks at the second dialogue role in the history of science and Karl Popper as its outstanding.

An unanimous view, claims that wisdom and philosophy started by Tales from Greece but Sheykh Eshraq believed that the Hermes (Edris, the prophet) was the source of wisdom and philosophy. There are so many researches and documentations that justify this theory. Hermes has different names in different cultures, old civilizations, Holy Scriptures and dictionaries and each one called him different names. He was called Hermes in Greece, Taat in Egypt, Akhnukh in Bible, and Edris, The prophet in Islamic scriptures. Hermes is an extraction from the Sheith, the son of Adam. He was the first one who was preferred as prophet after the former two prophets, Shieth and Adam. He founded sciences such as writing, physiology, chemistry, astronomy, wisdom and philosophy. Accordingly, he was called Trismegitos in Greece and Almosalas- Belhekmah in Islamic references. Hermetic masterpieces, which have been written mostly in the old important languages, have deeply influenced on the Eastern's and western' s streams of consciousness. Hermetic scriptures have discussed different logical issues like, the God, the Man and the Universe. These scriptures are not only more coherent but also more purposeful and philosophic than Grecian ones.

The Principle of possibility of superior or the noblest creature is basic rule of illumination School. This rule has also been extracted by principle of oneness and superior being. We define it as possibility of superior creature. When there is possibility of any kind existence, the superior or the noblest creature should have been come into existence before it. As we observe that creatures have physical body, if we say that these creatures have come into existence without any source of superior creature, then we will have to face many objections, for example, lack of harmony and unity between cause and effect. Paying attention to these objections and certain rational principles, physical beings cannot be created by a sole without any sources. Multiplicity creatures or affairs cannot be create sole or one, but as we examine multiple creatures have existed, so we solve this problem by approaching to principle of possibility of superior creature. In this way the physical and spiritual beings should have been existed relying on super creation and as sometimes they are permanent. If the existence of common physical or spiritual creatures is possible, the existence of super being should be primitive. This principle is based on the existence of super being from whom multiple creation is impossible without sources. This principle has deep effects on philosophical discussions like cause and necessary being works. The views related physical resurrection organized system rulings over this world are also based on this principle.

To believe some teachings of christiandom and church is one of muslim scholars' disturbances among Islam and christian arguments. Some of them including Holy trinity, sacrifice and eternal sin, are intruced as polytheism in Islam. Christians believed those teachings completely in the post centuries, but some christian thinkers analyzed and criticized them in the recent centuries. Some didn' t accept although some interpreted it. Muslim thinkers, on the other hand, entered this discussion interpretingly, considering the religions' relationship. In this essay, some verses of Maryam (As) surah are described while introducing both viewpoints. Maybe it is a new way to know Jesus christ's (P.B.O.H) character better. He was Saint Mary's (As) son, also he was a prophet like other prophets having special characteristics and an especial birth. But he was not the God's son.