PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2009 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (LITERATURE 4)|Papers Count:22

Myths are communal dreams of human beings and mythological symbols are the artistic and secret language of the myths. They increase the deepness of the meanings when they are used in poems. Symbols with their formable and flexible nature are able to reflect the deep and rooted concepts and subjects in a comprehensive way due to the time and place conditions. They are able to produce different meanings and uses out of a single from and to continue their novelty and continuity with a consistent growth. Of course symbolic poets and artists due to their cultural background and their individual and social real needs, may pay special attention to the use of symbols; but the author of this article, while considering the theoretical bases of the usage of symbols and the related subjects, tries to survey the most important factors that lead poets to use plants symbols and myths. The author also tries to have a look at the uses of these kinds of symbols in the myths of different tribes and nations so that he can compare them in real and better way.

In this paper the aim of Machiavellism and its political style are discussed. The final goal of  Machiavellism is to reach power, maintaining and protecting it and its political style is reaching political goals from any possible ways, because for reaching the power of the rulers, a person can easily forget the moralities.The political thoughts of Machiavellism are not accepted, but these thoughts were caused Nationalism and secularism (ie. separation of religion and politics) to become into existence. And from this view it played an important role in western philosophy.

Hossein Vaẻzi Kashefi is a popular Iranian poet living in the 10th century (A.H). His works, in various aspects of science, amounts to more than 40 volumes. It is considerable to know that his fame has been forwarded beyond the geographical borders of Iran. He played an effective role in accomplishing the vast language, literature and culture of India and Pakistan. In this essay, Kashefi's spiritual presence has been contemplated in two parts: the translations of Kashefi's works published in different titeles and large quantity of manuscripts and also the transcription of his works.

Comparative literature as a dynamic and evolving science had become into existence first in Europe and America then came to Iran. In the beginning of its information in Iran it studied and considered only its general concepts, but later it found its main road and some studies on comparing Persian literature with the literature of other nation have been done. Two stories of Siavash and Yousef are the most important stories of Persian literature that in addition to similarities in subject and characters, from story writing view and literary elements have many things in common with each other.

Amir Khosrow Dehlavi is one of the creators of Hindi Style who had an important role in its development. All of the features that have been compute ting by literarians and critics during two centuries after the stabilization of Hindi style, could be observed in the poems of Dehlavi: This research is studying the most prominent rhetorical characteristics of Dehlavi's poems that have a close relationship with Hindi Style based on his Divan.

Studying and analysing the text of Quran has been always in the center of attention of Islamic scientists and interpreters and the outcome of these studies had become precious works on the field of syntax and phonology. The studies Islamic scientist such as Suyouti on syntax and syntactic relations and putting them as a parallel with modern linguistic issues is something that needs deep reflection and studies. It is clear that motivation of Islamic scientists of turning to such issues is understanding and logical interpretations from Quran and illumination of its aims. In the way of semantic studies, Islamic scientists, have put forward different points of view, the most important of them are Polysemy and creating a different semantic motivation for each Quranic word. On the other hand homonyms and other lexical relations in the semantic studies of the Islamic scientist and interpreters on the above mentioned fields and comparing them with the modern linguistics outcomes from many ways has the value of studying them. In this study the method of using library research and using the patterns of semantic variables and its different aspects have been discussed.

The paper is going to study the methods of determination of the homonymous and polysemous entries in Persian to Persian monolingual dictionaries such as Dehkhoda Dictionary (Loghatname-ye-Dehkhoda), Amid Dictionary (Farhang-e-Amid), Dictionary of Contemporary Persian (Farhange Farsi-ye-Emrooz), Sokhan Dictionary (Farhange Bozorge Sokhan) and Persian to English Dictionaries including Aryanpour Progressive Dictionary (Farhenge Pishro Aryanpour) and English to English dictionaries such as: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, and American Heritage Dictionary. For this reason the present paper has been divided into several sections. In the first section some basic terms and concepts that are related to meaning determination and meaning separation are defined, then in the next sections the subject of meaning separation of the above mentioned dictionaries are studied.At first from each dictionary some homonymous entries are chosen, then the method of determination of meaning and separation of meaning in each of them is discussed and studied. Since in Persian and English dictionaries the entries that are not homonymous make no problems, in the present study these entries are nit included, and only homonymous entries and with multiple meanings in Persian to Persian, Persian to English, and English to English dictionaries are concerned, and the authors would like to study the methods in each group of dictionaries by comparison of the separation of  the meaning of the headwords.

In Islamic Gnostic the spiritual leader has a special position. His disciples need his guidance to save them from any misleads to reach his destination. In Gnostic books the image of the spiritual leader have been described, and the importance of its existence clearly have discussed. In this way, Sanaee’s Hadigheh and Molavi’s Mathnavi have fundamental roles. Hadigheh as the first book that had brought ethical and Gnostic meaning in Persian literature and Mathnavi as its complement in this way have a great importance. Sanaee by his unique poems and stories refers to the characteristics and the importance of the spiritual leader, but he did not go into details as much as Molana.The length and careful attention of Molana in this way and exactness in describing the image of the spiritual leader reflected the social changes, that have had direct effect on Gnosticism also completeness of Soofi’s literature. The complement that had caused a genius called Molana to become into existence.The comparison of the image of the spiritual leader in these two works helps to throw light on the dark corners of the deeds and behaviours of spiritual leader and understanding them correctly.

One of the highest qualities of Persian literature is having rich Islamic culture at this disposal. On this way, special attendance to the verses of Quran and their meanings, in different aspects, has had a high level position for the Persian literarians and poets, especially first class lecturer, as a powerful source of belief and literature. shams-od-din Mohammad Hafez Shirazi the most famous poet of the eight century of Hejira calendar is one of the artistically inclined artists who could succeed to include Quranic truth as a base in his splendid poems in Persian literature and by doing that he had become the most famous and popular Iranian poet; and captured the heart of many talented people.In this study we wish to study the reasons of creation of the splendid literary works in Iran and the world and analyzing the different aspects of the reflection of the meaning of Quranic verses in the poems of this great poet as well. Also we would show that Quranic truths that rarely included in literary works, had an extraordinary impression on the mind of Hafez, and had become the base of his speech.

In Persian prose and poetry sometimes we encounter some terms that their meanings are not clear or if we try to understand their meanings through the context, because of the fact that those terms cannot be found in the present dictionaries ,the meanings we have guessed are not so sure. One of the ways of finding the meaning of such words, is using Persian dialects.This paper aims to study the correct pronunciation and meaning of one of the words that Naser Khosrow had used in one of his odes, by using Shushtari dialect.

Since in the terminology of mystics the term Aan has a special meaning and it is the moment when God has created the creatures to reflect Himself, the poets of Persian literature had used the term in the most artistic way in the eighth century. They knew this term well and to make their poem more beautiful they used it in its original sense artistically. This will help us to have a better understanding and knowledge about the meanings of the words and poems of mystic poets.