JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2001 | Volume:11 | Issue:37-38|Papers Count:17

The content analysis is a technique wich seeks to find the emotional and perceptional aspects of messages and / or extracted implicit perceptions of expressions based on this technique, it is tried to obtain the necessary information for analysing the research hypotheses. In this paper, which the historical trends of content analysis and its definitions are provided, it is attemted to identify the quantifying methods of message content and its resulted information. The author of this paper is trying to extend the data process in content analysis based on the Shannon enteropy. Accordingly, if we suppose that the stages of content analysis technique are: 1) preparing and organizing the message, 2) revewing the message contents, and 3) processing of data, the introduced method in this paper (Shannon enteropy) will be in the third stage. Data processing methods in content analysis are mostly non-compenstory and based on the frequency of each case. These methods have some mathematical and theorical difficulties that limit hteir applications, and also have some limitations according to their reliability. To prevent these problems, it is appropriate to use the compensatroy modles. Which are very rarely applied and considered in. the area of data processes in content analysis. This paper aimd to apply one of the main methods of engineering systems to the. area of content analysis so that to provide a new approch for extending and developing of the content analysis technique. The main section. of the paper focuses on the Shannon enteropy algorithm in content analysis, and also a case study is used to clarify and compare the current method with the new one for the content analysis. Then the validity obtained results of these two methods (current and ne ones) for processing of data based on mathematical and constructional apporach are compared and analysed.

In this essay, the status inconsistency has been dealt with as one of the consequences of fragmentation in modem societies. Although some of the outcomes of this phenomenon have been already investigated in our society, nevertheless, the exact nature of this concept is still unknown and ambigious and still calls for further clarification. Therefore, at first this concept and the changes which have led to its development in the modem societies have been discused in this paper. Next, the theoretical and methodological debates concerning this conceptare dealt with. At the end, the placement of status inconsistency in social stratification system of new societies have also been explained.

The first part of this article, which is based on a review of literature on defense economics, aims to introduce the most famous theories concerning factors detennining military expenditure and the effects of such expenditures on economic growth. The writer attempts in the second part of the study to use possible econometrical techniques in order to show the applications of these theories in the Islamic Republic of Iran and offers the following analytical results: 1. with the change of the Monarchical regime into the Islamic Republic in Iran the share of military expenditure in national economics has reduced significantly; 2. the share of military expenditure in GNP has been positively correlated with the relative importance of oil export, and 3. the share of military expenditure in GNP has had negative effect on the countrys economic growth.

This paper aimed at dealing with three questions: What is generation gap and what are its characteristics in Iran? What causes generation gap and family conflicts to come about? How do parents have to handle their generation gap and conflicts with their young children? To respond to these questions, first family conflicts and their impacts are considered. Then, different explanations on family conflicts and generaiton gap are reviewed. The condition of generation gap in Iran is discussed afterwards. Finally, the ways to handle generation gap and family conflicts are laid out. The result of this study is that the existence of conflicts in the family does not indicate its unhealthiness. Rather, suitable treatment of such conflicts can lead to family stability and individual growth. Moreover, rapid modernization and social change are introduced as the main causes of generation gap, in most of the third world countries, including Iran. A theoretical contribution of this paper is the distinction between "value generation gap" and "norm generation gap". Using secondary data analysis, it is concluded that in Iran the typpe of generation gap is mostly of the latter. Finally, offering suggestions about the treatment of family conflicts, it is argued that the proper handing of "noim generation gap" can prevent its transfonntion to "value generation gap".

The purpose of the present paper is to concentrate on the theoretical as well as empirical analysis of studies on the relationship betwee inflation and stock returns. There are different views in the literature on the relationship between inflation and stock returns. In other words, some studies using data of developing and developed countries conclude a positive relation, whereas other studies which had used somewhat different kind of data for different countries came up with completely opposite results nd concluded a negative relationship between the two variables. We have also reviewed studies which rejected any significant results. The present article examines, in detail, the relevant studies since 1950S. We have divided these studies into two categories.One involves the studies analyzing the relationship between the two variables without taking into account other variables. The relationship between the two variables has been discussed the other studies using an indirect method. In other words in order to see the effect of inflation on stock return the researchers maintained that any relationship between the two variables must be obtained through the relationship between inflation and economic activities (economic growth) on the one hand and the relationship between the growth and stock returns on the other hand. The method known as "Proxy Effect" has been widely used in recent years. Our review of the literature of all studies taken place in the last half a century concludes that there are still ambiguities in this regard. Perhaps more future empirical works could reduce some of these ambiguities.

The aim of the present article is to study the division of responsibilities in working families and to explain the reasons for the inequality of the roles of husbands and wives in such families. However, due to the significance of the subject, first an affempt is made to survey the shortymings of the existing research on the division of familial responsibilities and duties. Next, Utiliying the realistic classification of methodology and the deductive induction approach the refined and valid approach to the issue at hand which is the ultimate aim of the present study is described in detail. The paper comes to an end with a detailed account on the significance and validity of the proposed approach drawing upon the recent methodological recymendations.

This study is te investigate the quantity and change of the rate of peoples participation in six presidential elections from 1358-1372 in different provinces of the country. Also there was an attempt to use social and economical approach of modernization theory to describe the way of sociological factors and variants affect the rate of peoples participation in persidential elections. Some of the following results obtained: 1. The rate of peoples participation in persidential elections during the six elections (58-72) has been fluctuating, but as a whole the procedure of the changes had a decrease in the rate of participation. 2. The rate of peoples participation in presidential elections in the provinces where the number of individuals believing in shite religion (Esnaashary) are more than the other religions (Tasannon and Christianity and ...) and also the less populated provinces in which citizenship is low, the participation was more than the other provinces. 3. The rate of partticipation in border provinces lower than other provinces, however at the begining of the revolution these provinces enjoyed a higher rate of paticipation. 4. The result of multi-analysis of regression with (144) cases shows that 9 percent inflation, 6 percent unemployment, 3 percent urbanization, 8 percent literacy and 2 percent of sexual ratio which totally make up 29 percent of the factors were significant in the fluctuation in elections. These are the factors of change of the rate of peoples participation in 6 presidential elections.Because of the weak and unmeaningful relation with other factors, industralization factorscouldnt enter the regression equation. Inflation, unemployment and urbanization had a negative effect and literacy and sexual ratio had a positive effect on the rate of participation in persidential elections. The main factors affecting fluctuation in elections were found to be the inflation factors (74%) and literacy (67%) and the least significant refer to the sexual ratio (15%).

In recent years, the relationship between higher education and work is attracting a considerable attention in developed and developing countries. the ratio of students going on to higher education has increased in Japan as well as in European countries since the end of 1980, which are expressed as a "massification" phase. On the other hans, in the development of knowledge-based economy resulting from widespread diffusion of information technology and advancement of socio-economic internationalization, the societys requirements for human resource are changing and the area of professional activities for graduates of higher education and the recruitment system are changing. This paper analyses the relationship between higher education and work market with particular references to the lifetime (long-term) employment system in Japan. The long-term employment system became the norm at most companies during the rapid economic growth of the 1960s. This employment system reflects the tendency of management to favor the in-house training of personnel over a long period of time. The relationships between economic trends and graduate employment opportunities are discussed, highlighting the impact of univerisity expansion, the trend towards equalization of earnings, the marked increase in female participation, changing patterns of movement towards and away from city locations and the diversification of industry into new fields such as information science. Detailed examination of the transition from the educational to the employment system confirms the importance of cultural and social factors. The Japanese approach implies a company-oriented theory of human capital which isin contrast with the more individualistic theories typical of Western countries. However, changes in Japanese cultural attitudes, employment and socio-economic system, developments in the way in which modem industry is structured and the drive towards internationalization, all point towards the adoption of a more individualistic theory of human capital. The author shows that the existence of a high-quality labour force was a key factor in the post-war recovery of the Japanese economy, and the future economic success of Japan will depend on its ability to adapt to an ageing labour force. the days of a young, growing labour force in which educational attainment was increasing rapidly, are over. Labour productivity and labour costs of production will depend on the effective management of an ageing labour force. The paper concludes by reviewing recent innovations aimed at tackling the new challenges. In Japan, nurturing of problem pursuing ability" in university education has been emphasized after the stipulation of founding standards for a university, etc. in 1991 and curriculum reform has been demanded by various circles.

In contemporary literature on leadership & management, the theory of transformational leadership has been acknowledged as the most outstanding theory in describing effective leadership processes. The theory has enabled many of the well-known organizations to undertake fundamental changes & transormations in their entities. Hence, considering the academic values & practical achievements of the theory, this article attempts to explore the developmental process of the theory in order to promote the level of our understanding about its nature & different dimensions. The article also attempts to critically review the theory and, as a result, to demonstrate a number of its deficiencies.

The aim of the present paper is to study the effects of modernisation on thealogical and academic education. The subject of the study were selected from the students of Tehrn university and the seminary of Pom. The results of the research revealed that the effects of modernisation has been greate, on thealogical school than the academic education. It was also found that female students are affected by modernisation more than male students. It was also revealed that there is a negative correlation between modernsaton on the one hard and non-religious tendencies, scientific approach, global fendencies, motivation for pragress and being independent and equale on the other. This means that Iranian graduates can adopt modenisation without becoming non-religious.

This article is based on the findings of a study which sutveyed Iranian accounting practitioners perceptions of what should be included in the undergraduate accounging program at the universities of Iran. The main purpose of this study was to develop an undergraduate accounting program applicable to the universities of Iran-a program that best suits Irans labor market as perceived by those practitioners. The first step was to analyze 33 American programs in order to describe the characteristics that make each program unique and successful. This analysis served only as a guide to develop a questionnaire used to collect data about the parctitioners perceptions of the contents of the program. In the second step, ten research questions were answered by testing the related ten hypotheses. Data were analyzed using one-way, two way, and three-way ANOVAs. At the end, based on the findings of this study an undergraduate accounting program for the universities of Iran was proposed.