ENVIRONMENTAL BASED TERRITORIAL PLANNING (AMAYESH)
Year:2015 | Volume:8 | Issue:30|Papers Count:10

Regional planning is one of the most important issues in developing countries to spread development and reduce deprivation. It is necessary to recognize region positions comparing to each other, considering development in regional planning. Assessing and ranking area based on possessing different development standards are the normal criteria in regional planning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the development degree of Ardabil province cities based on urban service standards. Twenty-two cities of Ardabil province have been chosen based on 8 ranking standards. The research method is descriptive–analytic and data collection was completed accordingly. At first, the studied standards were scaled using Norm B and were evaluated using the Shanoon Entropy technique. Then the ranking of the province cities was done using Topsis Model. Finally, the relationship between urban services and the population of Ardabil province cities was investigated using SPSS. The results show that Ardabil and Ungut occupy the first and the last rank considering the urban services. There is also significant relationship between urban services and the population of Ardabil province cities.

In this article with descriptive- analytic method, the urban hierarchy and evolutions in the urban network of Hamadan province has been discussed. This research tries to analyze the urban settlements distribution pattern, cities placing system and the quality and quantity of the population distribution in this province. The province cities have been analyzed according to the census data during 1956-2006 period and using the Nearest Neighborhood Analysis Model, Urban Primacy Index (UPI) and Lorenz Curve Index. The research results show that the province settlements distribution pattern is irregular and chaotic.Also due to Hamadan city’s primacy, there is an obvious imbalance in the province hierarchy. To reach balanced of urban hierarchy and optimum spatial distribution of the population, it is essential and inevitable to justify the distribution of the capital and services and give equal opportunities for development especially in the north underdeveloped cities of the province.

The health- related indices have valuable roles in achieving a sustainable developmen. As complete physical, psychological and social well-being, health is strongly linked to social, economical, political areas and is a concern for many countries. This research aims at recognizing the importance of health indices and analysing the situation of counties in the province of Isfahan in terms of such indices.On this basis, this counties are compared and ranked. But in this measurement there were such limitation as numerous indices, their different weights and units, and their selection methods; and in order to remove them, initially the factor analysis method was applied to summarize and assign weight to the index, then the numurical taxonomy and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for ranking the counties. Therefore the research method in the present descriptive analytical investigation, relies upon the statistics of the year 2009-2010. Although leveling has been repeatedly used in defferent ways, but so far no analysis have been performed on the health indices of Isfahan province counties, and only by relying upon the findings of the present research one may conclude that indices such as population growth, general physicians per thousand, health – treatment center per one hundred thousand, literacy rates in adults, … have had the highest effects on health index. Also the findings indicate that the counties of Lenjan, Ardestan, Natanz, have a better situation compared to the other; and those of Fereydoon-shahr, Najaf-abad, Shahinshahr & Borkhar, Chadegan, are in an inappropriate status. At the end several measure are offered to promote the health situation of the counties.

Urban area is a dynamic geographical environment which is evolving throughout the time. Investigation of this environment is one of the current significant subjects in order to reach optimum usage especially in the development plans of urban space with respect to land use and land use planning. In this regard, one can acquire all required data using remote sensing and GIS technology, and prepare pattern and prediction maps of the urban space in order to be able to implement careful planning. In this study, digital data obtained from TM (1985), ETM (2000) and OLI (2013) sensors of the Landsats 5, 7 and 8 were used to land use map of the city of Malayer. At first, satellite images were geometrically corrected by some selection of ground control points in Google Earth maps. RMSe values were assessed to be 0.27 (1985), 0.52 (2000) and 0.25 (2013) pixels, respectively. Then, the maps of land use was prepared using Supervised classification Maximum Liklihood algorithm. Prepared land use map contained five classes including Settlements, Dry Farming, Irrigation Farming, Rangeland and other usage. Finally, the area of each class of land use was calculated and a trend of evolutions of land uses was compared and investigated using confrontation method. To verify classification results, 25% of the acquired training samples, which were not included in the classification process, were used.Classification results demonstrated that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient from Maximum Liklihood method are equal to 94.52% and 93.11 (1985), 92.05 and 90.01 (2000) and 94.61 and 93.19 (2013), respectively. The results also indicated that significant changes had occurred in land use of the region under investigation over a period of 28 years, as a result of which settlements and Irrigation Farming lands have estimated scopes by 2.19% and 4.36% respectively, while Dry farming and Rangeland have estimated scopes by 2.38% and 6.08% respectively. Generally, the highest land use changes are observed in residential lands which are located in the west and north western of the city of Malayer.

Applying social attitudes in urban problems is a new paradigm that gradually takes its place in the theoretical literature and in urban planning late 60s. On the other hand, the concept of quality of life in general and the quality of the urban environment in particular has become a major goal in both theoretical and practical aspects of urban development in the field of urban planning and urban design. Improving quality of urban environment is not only the most important goal in the urban plans, but also monitoring and measuring indices of it is one of the most important tools in the field of urban design, planning and monitoring purposes. Regarding the importance of the issue of monitoring the quality of the urban environment today, identifying various aspects and factors affecting it can be steps to its achievement. In general, there are two main approaches in the theoretical literature relating to urban environmental quality: One of these aspects focuses on the objective dimension of quality of urban environment, and the other one expressed by citizens regarding the quality, known as the subjective quality. Certainly, it can be stated that there is a direct relationship between these two concepts. However, it was proved in several studies, this relationship was not always a linear correlation.In fact, it can be expected in environments with low-quality objective quality, for various reasons, people’s satisfaction level is high and vice versa. The main concern of this study was to examine the root causes of it. According to this hypothesis, we supposed that the social capital of citizens has a greater impact on satisfaction of urban environment compared with the objective conditions of urban environment. Indeed, social capital creates higher overall satisfaction of life, and in particular, the urban environment will be concerned. To examine this hypothesis, we studied Panbeh- Rise neighborhood of Qazvin as a case study. At first in order to assess the objective conditions and subjective satisfaction (subjective quality) of the urban environment and social capital, indicators were explained.Then, based on these indicators the questionnaire was designed and across a sample of 311 residents of the neighborhood was distributed. Then, by using path analysis method that is based on calculating standardized regression coefficients, the contribution coefficient of social capital and objective quality of the urban environment on the subjective quality was evaluated in a path model.The results indicate that the coefficient of the impact of social capital on subjective quality of the urban environment is equal to 0.45. The coefficient of the impact of subjective quality on objective quality is equal to 0.38. Therefore, the researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis. However, by Improving one unit in terms of social capital, it can be expected that the subjective quality is improved by 0.45 unit and with increasing one unit in the subjective quality, objective quality is improved 0.38 unit. As a result, this research shows the importance of improving social capital and the necessity to pay attention to this aspect in urban planning and urban design. In fact, the possibility of social interaction through various means must be one of the main goals of urban development plans.

The most effective way to recognize the organization of urban systems is the study of the urban hierarchy that helps their spatial management. Inattention to the urban hierarchy and the way of allocation and distribution of urban centers in an area on the one hand, and the growing of urbanization on the other hand, will result to the imbalance and rupture in the spatial structure of cities. This study has been done within the area of Gilan province in order to respond to the question of whether the hierarchy is optimal or not. The methodology of this study was quantitative –analytical and library materials were used for gathering data. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, first, the balance and imbalance of the urban hierarchy during the census period between 1986 to 2011 was determined based on the size distribution of cities and urban hierarchy model- rank-size logarithmic models and the Lorenz curve. Finally, approaches for balancing the urban hierarchy in the studied area were offered. The result of the study indicates that according to the distribution of the rank – size logarithmic models in urban areas of Gilan province, the slope of rank- size (b) is not greater than 1 that suggests the intensity of dominance of the first city (concentration of population in Rasht) and imbalance in the urban system of the mentioned region. Gini coefficient of condensation in 1986, 1996 and 2006 has been between 75.0 - 5.0; therefore, the distribution of the population of cities and urban communities in Gilan province is semi-balanced. While this coefficient in 2011 has been between 1- 75.0; the distribution of population in cities and urban communities in the province of Gilan is uneven and critical which requires the delivery of policies and strategies to achieve desirable urban hierarchy.

Among the implications for the success of any planning is the attention to social issues and social capital, so that without it, it is not possible to plan. Citizenship participation is also one of the components of social capital, where, many of the problems referred to, such as the lack of citizen participation in decision-making, lie in this scope of the issue. In this paper, an analysis of the components of citizenship participation and accountability of urban managers has been discussed with respect to the correlation between the two factors. This study is a descriptive-analytic study which was conducted by using a combination of fieldwork and attributive methods. The study was conducted in Eslamshahr city, Iran.Research findings showed that the components level of the citizenship participation and accountability of urban managers in the Eslamshahr is lower than the average level.Furthermore, it was realized that, there is a direct correlation between the citizenship participation and accountability of urban managers. Therefore, it is understood that, the citizenship participation will be increased when urban managers accountability rate is increased and vice versa.

Critical realism considers the space as both organization network and systematic affairs that are correlated to each other in a social, economic and political environment. One cannot manage an organization without paying attention to the surrounding space.Therefore, it seems that functional varieties of the managers in Tehran has a direct affect in the mismanagement of space in this city. It is necessary to adopt a systematic-strategic approach to involving of the complicated conditions of Tehran. The project with causalcomparative method and by using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making design (MCDM) has studied the management indexes of five organizations related to Tehran municipality, including municipality in general, urban council, state governing sections, government and local governors (unseen groups in presidential institutes, judiciary system, Islamic parliament and martial institutes). It was revealed that with comparison of these 5 organizations in the five indexes of budget, inter-organization authority, political ownership, latent lobbies and access to the power authorities that, local governors have the most weight in the decision making of Tehran. Municipality placed in second rank and Urban Council, Government and State Governing has placed in other ranks, respectively. Results show that unifying of structural-agency in the urban management of Tehran is an approach to getting out the complicated and disordered space of Tehran.