JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE RESEARCHES
Year:2019 | Volume:15 | Issue:55 |Papers Count:9

By virtue of the autonomy principle in letter of credit and independent guarantees any dispute relates to the underlying transaction shall not have any effect on the payment process. Nevertheless, in case of fraud by beneficiary, applicant may be entitled to stop the payment process. Although proving of bad faith is necessary in England law, but with regard to rules uniform commercial code and United Nations convention on independent guarantees, stand-by letters of credit applicant are not required to prove any sort of bad faith by the beneficiary. It is sufficient for the applicant to prove that demand for payment can be treated as illegitimate. Notwithstanding, it is suggested that fraud exception shall not be restricted to making fraud in document. If beneficiary makes any fraud in underlying transaction, the applicant shall be entitled to apply for injunctive relief to stop payment process.

The analysis or criticism of any of the thousands of jurisprudence issues which have been noticed by scholars in the related fields is of great importance which determines the role and position of each of the experts and prominent Shiite scholars in the development of related basic subjects preparing the ground for proposing innovative issues in Islamic realms suitable for our modern time. Among these, the controversial issues are of more importance; therefore, we deal with one of them here, that is, the deportation of women due to adultery for which two viewpoints namely as the prominent (the opposing group) and the insignificant (the proponents of deportation) exist. In the current paper we are dealing with Imami Shi'a jurisprudence of historical trends with regard to this issue accompanied with the reasons of each of the above-mentioned groups especially Feyz Kashani’ s. This is due to the reason that he has a special position in criticizing famous viewpoints even the social ones.

The rapacity and insolence behavior taking place in virtual world has become a major and challenging issue in the present time. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a possibility of insolence behavior in cyberspace and if it is possible to sentence the same as insolent offender's crime in an authentic and non-virtual space, then how it can be legitimated in a cybercrime context, if considered possible. By reviewing the cases and reasons, it can be concluded that, first, even if all the requisites needed for the crime is accepted based on Fokaha's quotes, there will be no obstacle to accept the crime in virtual space. Second, insolence behavior in cyber space can be sentenced the same as insolence behavior in authentic and non-virtual context. Third, although the first presumption is related to the non-enforcement of judgments for rebels based on the principle of Dara, mitigation of punishment and presumption of innocence, it should be noted that the insolent offender who committed the crime through the use of virtual tools can be subjected to the punishment just like an offender in real and authentic environment as per to narratives and verses supporting the use of verity proposition by ascribing to the principle of Dara, mitigation of punishment and presumption of innocence.

Hijab is accepted among the Islamic jurists and scholars as a basic principle so that disbelieving in it is transcribed as a sign of heresy (exiting from Islam); despite this, a group of scholars and jurists don’ t look at Hijab in this same way, also today this issue, in addition to the increasing presence of women in society, has caused deep divisions between the Islamic jurists and scholars. Therefore, the present article discusses the quality and quantity of Hijab in modern time by conducting a survey on the Hijab at the time of the descent of the Hijab verse and comparing the Hijab in modern times with the traditional hijab at the time of the prophet (PBUH). Accordingly, in this paper, the author tries to review the hijab in a new way by studying the effect of conveniences on it and effect of this type of research on solving the present situation conflicts with the Hijab provisions, using examples of verses and hadiths to prove this theory.

Economic topics are consistently one of the most important and basic issues of any country. One of these issues is the negative inflation debate, which means reducing the general level of prices. Accordingly, once the economy of a country experiences negative inflation, there will be considerable losses for the owner of goods and capital. Additionally, this negative inflation is followed by recession and closure of factories as well as production facilities. Moreover, one of the new-found phenomena and problems of the modern world is the insurance issue and insurer companies which are developed on the basis of damage compensation principle; however, these insurer companies do not insure damages caused by negative inflation. This study aimed to investigate the legitimacy basis of damage insurance due to negative inflation, for instance generalities and absolutes of evidence, relying of wises, rubbing of criterion and law articles such as article 190 of civil code and articles 1, 4, 28 and 29 of insurance law plus other principles and rules, in order to involve these losses in the insurance contracts format.

In the penal system of Islam, the punishment for some crimes is the deprivation of life of the offender. These punishments have a considerable scope in terms of "Hadd", "Tazir" and "Qisas". Some other crimes include punishments that typically and in accordance with their nature and common law cause the offender to be deprived of life. "Stoning" in adultery and "Hanging" in Moharebeh are examples of the mentioned punishments. But if in the two mentioned cases, the usual and common punishment, does not lead to death of the offender, is the punishment repeated? Or that re-execution of the punishment for deprivation of life requires an independent reason? The author believes that in crimes, for which the punishment is death or deprivation of life, if the punishment does not lead to death of the offender, the legitimacy of re-enforcing the punishment is not eliminated. But penalties normally cause death, if in a case, accidentally, the common result is not obtained, re-execution of the punishment is not legally acceptable. This theory is in conformity with the original rules of punishments and Interdiction rule.

The emergence of online shopping, as a form of electronic commerce, has raised the question of what the role of the sale is in this new virtual world. Some believe that online selling activities can be classified as »Moatat «, which is the transaction by contract without using words, and can be followed by the related rules. However, although it seems that such a transaction is in the form of a contract, it is neither a traditional market nor the non-written nor the non-verbal nor the non-oral contract. It is not a Moatat transaction because of using a click to continue the online purchase, nor the absent selling because of setting out the quantity and description of the goods and the buyer-seller interaction through online sites. It is worth mentioning that the quality of interaction between the buyer and the seller within the web is a function of the compatibility with respect to both the style and the content of communication. Thereby, e-commerce seller can enhance the influence of the information she/he provides through advertising and the buyer can inform the seller by an email easily. Taking into account all the evidence, the authors arrived at the conclusion that selling through cyberspace and online marketplaces can be considered as a new brand of selling based on a contract between two parties like traditional one but in the form of e-contract that is an agreement created and "signed" in electronic form. Accordingly, it can be called telecommunication buyer-seller interactions in order to express the communication.

Undoubtedly fosterage is one of prohibitive causes of marriage in Islam. Islamic Jurists has remarked about conditions of realization of fosterage and its effects in detail. The base of this prohibition is the order of lawmaker that has apparently approved and accepted the custom of society in the time of arrival of the order: when a baby nurses a woman except for his/her mother, fosterage is done and consequently marriage between he/she and persons determined in religion is prohibited. But this article seeks to find a way to expand the reason of prohibition by fosterage to transplant and prove that if one or more organs from the child of a woman (as organ-giving) are transplanted to another man (as organ-taking), in conclusion of transplant, the same prohibition order resulting from fosterage is realized and in effect marriage between the organ-taking and mother or sister of organ-giving shall not be without problem.

One of the notable innovations in the Islamic Penal Code Adopted in 2014 concerns its attention to ‘ Interference of Crimes’ which is known as the ‘ Interference of Reasons’ under Islamic Jurisprudence denoting different and various intentional crimes perpetrated with a single or multiple strikes by the criminal to the victim. The mentioned law, over the 2nd chapter of the Book of lex talionis (Qisas), elaborates the issue of ‘ Interference of Crimes’ aiming to obviate the legal vacuum. Although in the occurrence of crimes the main prevalent principle is non-interference of reasons but, in some specific cases the interference of reasons has been accepted as such that whenever multiple crimes are perpetrated by the criminal against the victim through a single strike, interference of reasons has happened, when various crimes occur through various strikes and the interference of reasons happens if the strikes are done consecutively; otherwise, no interference of reasons is envisaged.