Crop Production
Year:2011 | Volume:4 | Issue:2|Papers Count:15

In this research, the effects of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield component of three varieties of corn have been investigated. For this purpose, a split plot experiment on the base of randomized complete blocks in four replications was used. The main plots were three varieties of corn (370, 447 and 499), and sub plots were six split application of urea fertilizer treatments. In each treatment 180 Kg/ha pure nitrogen (392 Kg/ha urea) was used. The results show that there is significant difference in bush height, grain yield, harvest index and number of kernel in ear between varieties and there is no significant difference in weight of 100 grains and bush diameter. Variety of 499 was the best one view point of mentioned characteristics. Also fertilizer treatments show significant difference. In all characteristics, except of weight of 100, the forth treatment (N4: 98Kg urea/ha in planting time, 147Kg urea/ha three weeks before flowering, 147Kg urea/ha three weeks later flowering) was identified as a best treatment. Interaction of variety-fertilizer treatment only has significant effect on grain yield, harvest index and number of kernel in ear. According to obtained results of this research, variety of 499 is preferred for planting because in this variety the highest yield has been achieved. Also, the forth fertilizer treatment is suggested among the all treatments.

In order to study of efficiency Total dual purpose herbicide and mixed Granestar and Acsiyal herbicides, and response of wheat at growth various stages to the aforementioned herbicides, an experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted during 2008-2009 in a field experiment at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Khouzestan.Treatments included using dual purpose herbicide Total and mixed herbicides Granestar and Acsiyal in growth difference stages (three-leaf, tillering, stem elongation, three-leaf plus stem elongation and heading). Meanwhile, two additional treatments no application herbicide was arranged as weeding and no cultivate control of weeds in full season. The results indicated that was significant effect (P<0.001) between different treatments for grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, tiller number m-2, spikelet per spike, spike length, plant height and dry weight of weeds m-2.Although for traits grain per spike, grain per spikelet and 1000-grains weight was not differed significantly. Throughout taken most, grain yield in Total herbicide of stages three-leaf plus stem, three-leaf and tillering, and of mixed herbicides in three-leaf stages, three-leaf plus stem, and tillering, respectively.

In order to determine the best index for evaluating maize genotypes, 15 maize inbred lines were evaluated in two planting dates, 6 July to coincide heat stress with pollination time and 27 July as normal planting to avoid high temperature during pollination and grain filling period, using a randomized complete block design with three replications, in Shushtar city, in 2007. Result showed that in stepwise regression analysis for heat stress condition, grain number per ear was the single trait that entered in model but, for normal condition, grain number per ear, hektolitr weight and 1000 grain weight were entered in model, respectively. Factor analysis, for heat stress and normal conditions indentified four independent factors which explained 81.92 and 82.90 percent of all variations, respectively. Under both, heat stress and normal conditions, first factor yield, second factor ear morphology and third factor grain characteristic named. But fourth factor in stress condition hektolitr weight and grain moisture percent and in normal condition grain moisture percent, hektolitr weight and grain width named. Based on the results, grain number per ear under heat stress and grain number per ear and 1000 grain weight, revealed as suitable traits which can discriminate maize genotypes.

In order to study of variation and relationships between morphological traits with yield and its components in three grain sorghum cultivars (Kimia, Sepideh and Payam) and nine promising lines (Mgs1-Mgs9) received from Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with four replications in Birjand agricultural research station, in two growing season. Morphological traits including plant height stem diameter, flag leaf area, panicle length, tiller number, number of seeds per panicle, 1000-kernel weight, harvest index and grain yield were measured. According to results of Combined Analysis, investigated cultivars and lines were significantly different at 1% probability level about majority of traits that indicate there is high variation between studied lines and cultivars. According to path analysis, dry weight of panicle had the highest direct effect on grain yield.while number of seeds per panicle, 1000-kernel weight and panicle length had indirect effect on grain yield via dry weight of panicle. Thus, such traits should be considered in yield breeding program together. Also tiller number had the highest negative indirect effect on grain yield, so in order to acces to lines with high yield, lines with lower tiller number should be selected.

Crop simulation models are increasingly used in agriculture. These models help in saving time and expenses. The objective of this study was to evaluate CropSyst model in predicting development, growth and yield of wheat cultivars from Golestan province. To do this, experimental data from different experiments were gathered for Kohdasht, Shiroodi, Tajan and Zagros. Model performance in simulating days to anthesis and maturity, biomass accumulation at anthesis and maturity and leaf area index at anthesis, nitrogen accumulation at anthesis and maturity and grain yield were evaluated. Root mean square error (RMSE) were 5.2 and 9.5 days for anthesis and maturity that were 4.6% and 6.4% of the means, respectively. RMSE of LAI at anthesis was 1.2 m2.m-2 that was 20.9% of the mean. For grain yield, RMSE was 556 kg.ha-1, 13.3% of mean. For other development and growth characteristics, model performance was acceptable. Therefore, this model can be used in simulation of these cultivars.

In order to study the effect of different resources of farmyard manure, compost and biofertilizers on grain yield and quality of canola (Talaieh cultivar), an experiment was conducted at Kurdistan region in 2008 and 2009 growing season. Experimental units were arranged in split-split plots design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Main plots consisted of two locations with difference in soil texture (L1): Agricultural Research Center of Sanandaj and (L2): Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, as location levels. Also, five strategies for obtaining the base fertilizer requirement including (N1): farmyard manure; (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): farm yard manure+compost and (N5): farm yard manure+ compost+chemical fertilizers were considered in split plots. Four levels of biofertilizers were (B1): Bacillus lentus and Pseudomonas putida; (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): Bacillus lentus and Pseudomonas putida & Trichoderma harzianum; and (B4): control. Results showed that location, different resources of fertilizer and interactions of them have a significant effect on grain yield. The highest grain yield (4660 kg/ha) was obtained from treatment, that farmyard manure, compost and biofertilizers were co application in clay loam soil (Gerizeh station).Location, basal fertilizers and biofertilizers have a significant effect on N, S and N/S of canola seed. Co application of compost and farmyard manure produced highest percent of olieic acid (61.5 %) and linoleic acid (22.9%). Co application of compost and farmyard manure has a significant increase in oleic acid and linoleic acid. Finally, L1N5B3 treatment, that compost, farmyard manure and biofertilizers were co application in Gerizeh station in compare to other treatments, selected as a best treatment of experiment.

To determine the yield stability, adaptability and analysis of the genotype × environment interaction of Virginia tobacco, 15 hybrids of tobacco including 10 Iranian and 5 international hybrids were evaluated in two different experiments (water stress and normal irrigation) using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at two locations including Rasht and Tirtash Tobacco Research Centers (four environments) for two years (2006 to 2007). Statistical methods including combined analysis of variance, estimating 14 stability parameters and pattern analysis were applied. Result of environmental variation and coefficient of variance showed that hybrids Coker254 VE1, K394 VE1 and NC89 VE1 had low value for environmental variance and coefficient of variation was the most stable genotypes, respectively. The hybrid PVH03 based on Shukla' s stability variance, Wricke' s equivalence, variance of deviation from liner regression and also interaction principal component analysis axis 1 (IPCA1) of AMMI model was known as the most stable hybrids. The biplot technique was used to identify appropriate genotypes to special locations. Results showed that hybrids PVH03, K394 NC89 and Coker254 NC89 with the lowest interaction, and hybrids ULT109, NC291, Coker254 Coker347 and VE1 Coker347 with the highest interaction were the most stable and unstable hybrids, respectively. Furthermore, hybrids Coker254 K394, NC291 and CC27 for Tirtash and hybrids NC89 Coker347, K394 Coker347, Coker254 VE1 and ULT109 for Rasht were more suitable in non drought stress condition.

In order to investigation of nitrogen fertilizer split application effect on quantity yield and grain quality of rice varieties, an experiment was carried out based on RCBD design as split plot experiment in three replications in Langroud in 2006. Main and sub factor were variety (Hashemi and Bahar 1) and five nitrogen fertilizer split application (split of 150 kg.ha-1 N at transplanting, stemming, heading and flowering stages). Quantity traits (yield and its components, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, main and sub panicle length) and three cooking quality index include: grain amylose content, gel consistence and gel temperature were measured. Results showed that the effect of split application was significant on grain yield, stuble yield, 1000 grains weight and plant height. N1 split (50% in transplanting and 50% in stemming) was the best treatment with 6619 Kg.h-1 mean yield. This split in Hashemi has more harvest index and amylose content (45.75% and 22.21%, respectively). Bahar 1 with more mean grain yield (6977 Kg.h-1) and harvest index (49.87%) than Hashemi (3933 Kg.h-1 and 40.35%) have significant difference. Also Bahar 1 has significant difference with Hashemi in mean of the number of grain in main and sub panicul (192.08 and 124.83, repectively). Hashemi and Bahar 1 were set in moderate and low amylose content groups, with 21.45% and 19.21%, respectively. The interaction effect between split and variety was significant on straw yield, harvest index, 1000 grains yield, percent of unfilled grain and plant height.

In order to evaluation of plant densities and row spacing effects on growth and yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted by using four plant densities (125, 250, 375 and 500 plants per m2), two row spacing (12.5 and 25 cm), in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Anbare-Ololum reign in rainfed and saline conditions during 2008-2009.Results showed that leaf area index (LAI) corresponded to stem elongation stage was higher in row spacing of 12.5 (in comparison with row space of 25 cm), but in spite of stem elongation stage, this was inverse in booting stage.Increasing of row space decreased stem number, but increased plant height, while did not affect fertile stems number. Morover, dry matter and yield corresponded to row space of 25 cm was higher than 12.5 cm (about 11%). In addition, grain yield of 250 and 375 plants per square metertreatments increased 30& 48% in comparison with 125 plants per square meter, respectively. But increasing of plant density upper than 375 to 500 plants per square meter did not affect grain yield significantly. Interaction of plant density and row spacing treatments revealed that dry matter, 1000-grain weight and harvest index with using row space of 25 cm was more than row space of 12.5 cm in all plant densities, Overall, it seems that row space of 25 cm decreases stem number per unit area without reducing fertile stems number, while it increases dry matter, plant height, grain yield and harvest index.

This research was conducted on determination of better planting distance and better amount of nitrogen and phosphorus for hybrid rice (Bahar 1). Planting distance were used in this experiment, include 30×15, 30×20 and 30×25 cm as main factor. And also nitrogen fertilizer was used, include four levels, 65, 95, 125 and 155 k/ha and phosphorus fertilizer used include tow levels, 50 and 100 k/ha as two factors in split plot as split plot factorial design with three replications. This experiment was performance in experimental field of Guilan University in growing season 2008. Result indicate that, planting distance was affected significantly on yield, seed number in square meter, tiller in shrub and fertile tiller in plant. And also, nitrogen fertilizer was affected significantly on number of tiller in shrub, seed number in square meter, fill seed percentage, 1000-seed weight and fertile tiller number. The highest rate of yield, amount of 8.23 ton/ha was obtained from planting distance 30×15cm. The highest number of seed in square meter was obtained from planting distance 30×25cm. Generally, planting distance 30×15 plus application of 155 kg nitrogen per hectare plus application of 100 kg phosphorus is the best conditions for obtaining of high yield in Bahar 1.

In order to investigation of sowing date effect on yield of millet species and its impressible from duration of phonological periods and development rate, an experiment was conducted based on complete randomized block design as combine analysis in four replications at eight sowing dates (30 April, 1 Jun, 31 May, 4 July, 5 August, 1 September, 2 October and 3 November) and three millet species (panicum miliaceum, pennisetum galucum and setaria italica) in research field of Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The results of this study showed that the sowing dates and species have significant differences in mean of leaf area index (LAI) and yield. First sowing date has the most LAI at three species, but it has not significant different by second sowing date in yield. Increase in growth duration at early sowing dates lead to increase of LAI simultaneous proper temperature and day length conditions. Common millet has the most LAI, but foxtail millet has the most yield for longer growth period. The results of correlation coefficients of emergence rate with temperature showed that emergence rate has high correlation (r>97%) at all varieties and stemming rate influenced by temperature and day length. the least days to emergence were in (5 August and 1 September) and the least days from tillering to stemming were in (1 September).

The objective of this study was to determine the quicker response of subsoil or surface soil to minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) and biofertilizers (Bacillus coagulans, B), Phosphorus fertilization (P) and integrated P and B (PB) under the wheat (Triticum aestivum L vr. Sardari) growing season. The experimental design was split plot laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications that tillage practice systems were in the main plots. The field trial is located in the dryland semiarid. Three tillage practices were: (i) conventional tillage (CT), with moldboard ploughing; (ii) reduced tillage (RTC), with ducksfoot cultivator with a springtine harrow, and (iii) with moldboard ploughing with the moldboard detached (RT). Result showed that there was no significantly differ in yield and yield component in wheat under MT or CT. Integrated P and B (PB) significantly (P<0.05) increased nutrient accumulation through increasing in N and P uptake of wheat plants. At 5–20 cm, miycorrhizal colonization value, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was greater than at 0–5 cm when wheat was under RTC or RT. At 5–20 cm B inoculant and PB increased ALP and DHA. Result indicated that transition to conservation tillage is the delay in soil response but subsurface soil can respond quickly to a cessation in tillage under the semiarid area condition

Determination of the response of different crop varieties to environmental variables from planting to harvest is one of the fundamental pillars of agriculture planning to achieve maximum yield and desirable quality.Changing planting date by effect on vegetative and reproductive growth period and balance between them, will affect yield and product quality.In order to study the responses of four winter canola cultivars to different planting dates a factorial experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in 2008-2009 at the research field of Agricultural Research Station of Yasouj.Planting date in four levels with ten days intervals from September 12 as a first factor and four winter canola cultivars (Zarfam, Okapi, Elite and SLM-046) as second factors were used. Results showed that cultivars responses to different planting date in traits of number of pods per plant, biological yield, grain yield and oil yield were significant. The highest number of pods per plant (91), grain yield (5231 kg/ha) and oil yield (2227kg/ha) were belonged to Elite cultivar in earlier panting date (September 12) and the lowest of these traits were belonged to SLM-46 cultivar with forty days delay in planting (October 12). Delayed planting decreased seed oil percent and increased seed protein percent. Delayed planting decreased the grain and oil yield of Zarfam cultivar lower than other cultivars.

The aim of this study was evaluation of some of characters, estimation of their heritability and their relationship in 104 recombinant inbred lines population of durum wheat under pot and field conditions. The inbred lines, their parents and control genotypes were evaluated in completely randomized design in 3 replications at pot study and in augment design at field condition.Analysis of variance indicated that genotypes were significantly different for all of the traits in both conditions. Transgressive segregation was significant for the traits especially for yield grain and related traits.Coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variability revealed recombinant inbred lines had more genetic variation for grain yield, number of seed per plant, harvest index and number of tiller. Heritability was relatively low for number of tiller, number of fertile tiller and 100 seed weight and was medium and high for height, grain yield, head length, harvest index, days to flowering, and number of seed per plant. Harvest index and number of seed per plant had highest correlation with grain yield. Path analysis t showed that number of seed per plant had direct effect on grain yield while harvest index contributed indirectly to grain yield via seed number per plant.Hence it seems that number of seed per plant is main character to explain the variation of grain yield in the studied durum wheat population.

In order to study the effects of silver nano particles, magnetic field in corporation with Barium, Lithium and micronutrient fertilizers on wheat, an experiment was conducted at research farm of Razavi Research and Technology Institute in 2008. Experiment carried out with eigth treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were including (T1) magnetic field and silver nano particles+Ba (No3) 2 (T2) magnetic field and silver nano particles+LiNo3 (T3) magnetic field and silver nano particles (T4) magnetic field and silver nano particles+Ba (No3) 2+LiNo3 +ZnNo3 (T5) double concentration of T3 (T6) Kemira fertilizer (T7) Fe and Zn chelate and (T8) control (NPK). Results showed that magnetic field and silver nano particles (T3) had the highest grain yield (4059 Kg/ha). Grain yield in T3 was 29.5 percent more than control. T3 treatment showed the greatest harvest index, and T4 showed the lowest. Experiment treatments not affected on traits such as height, plant per area, straw yield biological yield and SPAD significantly. It seems that silver nano particles and magnetic field had the best effect on wheat growth and yield and may be suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers in agriculture.