Human Geography Research
Year:2012 | Volume:44 | Issue:81|Papers Count:14

Introduction: The world which we live in has been changed dangerously from the past onward and according to the evidences and reasons such as human intends, progress in science and technology, well-being and desire to power among human beings provide many crises and hazards like population explosion, environmental destruction, shortage of resources and uneven and disparity between poverty and richness. Today, human has been experienced fatal and terrible diseases resulting from transformation in genetics and manipulation in the nature. Global climate change for the sake of human activities and other negative consequences from human- environmental relationships has been studied in the lens of Environmental Geopolitics. Some cases has been used by main powers in the world as a weapon for confronting and fighting against their enemy called as ecological warfare and in terms of diseases is called biological wars. There are also wars over scarce resources especially in regions faced crises. There will be wars in future for water in arid area according to some theory. All examples consider as hazards provide tribulation and disorder in the life of human who is a lonely creature in the universe. Human is alone in the solid planet earth and in the universe and there is nobody else who could help to solve his difficulty problems which most of them has been created by himself. This paper looks at problems and disasters as human hazards and it believes they will increase in the upcoming years.

Introduction: In future decades, a new global structure based on a widespread global cooperation will be formed. Which is on the basis of Geopolitics realities of the actors? The special task of this axial and dominant group is guarantee of the world's peace and stability. In such structure, as a different type must do the play of power. After collapsing USSR We are watching forming a new thinking in the area of strategic analyses which their aim is improving the actor's place aiming to create balance in strategic equivalents. USA, Europe, Russia, Iran and Turkey were the main countries that after collapsing USSR, Tried to make relations with the new independent countries. Also of this tries were not applied monotony and very country considering their own strategic, Economic, Political and cultural priorities, Acted with the region countries and the countries of Caucasus region also based on their specific considerations were defining the foreign relations. As a result Caucasus countries wished or unwished, Entered into the worldwide and regional strategic ranking and the consequents of this strategic rankings and the consequent of this strategic ranking, Created a relative balance between region countries interests and international actors. Based on strategic approach, Security issues of Caucasus in a frame of new big play are analyzed in the region.

Introduction: Literature on Urban and Regional Planning changes rapidly and related disciplines such as Geography need to determine their specific place in new condition. Harvey believes that goals of field rely on geographer’s personal philosophy and attitude to life, thoroughly. So, many of these philosophies are which provide different views on the nature of Geography for us and then, we cannot prescribe single philosophy for Geography as a field. This study relying on definition of geography as regional knowledge offers a conceptual framework and common language to describe role of geography in urban and regional planning. Geographical literature in connection with urban and regional planning has been encountered two main problems which can be classified in two categories: internal and external. The first of which is that various books with different topics are included in academic curriculum, resulting to confusion of students. Usually, Students do not provide an appropriate response to question "Why they read diverse collection of books and courses?” and are not able to communicate between Geography and urban and regional planning. Also, occasionally, new branches in geography make it the more fragmentary but it is necessary to remain a place for regional geography in Geography.

Introduction: Important water is Topic Axis Sustainable Development, Particular to zones of Arid and mid arid more and more Conditioned. Therefore Target to in Essay is Survey Evolution Beneficiary to sources water and Impress it in Development Rurally Settlements zones of Shoqan and Senkhovast. So bring on the construction of deep wells and semi-deep and increasing their cause severe changes in the system of exploitation of water resources, and finally the loss of traditional methods are. Although construction costs well above the flume, but in the long term efficiency aqueduct towards costs very efficient and is larger. In other words aqueduct is a permanent source of saving comment Dredging low initial and annual costs can be used for years. The other hand, maintenance costs compared with subterranean wells maintenance costs are very small. Aqueduct constructed with simple equipment and the local labor force is possible while digging a well require specialist knowledge and power of official power Ahoy which are outside a village.

Introduction: According to various natural, cultural and man-made attractions in rural areas, there is a variety of tourism patterns presented in different taxonomies based on different standards and criteria. Second home tourism and same day visiting are the common patterns in most rural areas in the country, particularly in mountainous areas surrounding the metropolitan regions. Tehran is a metropolis whose mountainous villages, due to their particular characteristics, are considered among the most important rural areas in the country. Because of having two tourism patterns as well as enjoying particular potentials, these areas have always been the target of researchers as the study area for their studies on tourism. To date, evaluating sustainability of the existing tourism patterns has been largely ignored in these studies since each pattern generates different effects. It is thus essential to evaluate the sustainability of rural tourism patterns and provide appropriate strategies for sustainable development.

Introduction: The emergence of new states outside Europe following the post-war decolonization and rising nationalism eliminated the analyses and assumptions which had founded the sociology based on the European tradition and classical positivist beliefs, which ultimately proved significant in denunciating the vainness of large-scale theories and their application on universal issues. The question of ethnicity in Iran has not been an exception. Iran is a multi-ethnic country with Fars people forming the majority of the population. Fars people mainly reside in the center of the country while other ethnic groups are settled along the borderlines. Ethnic groups settled along the borderlines have tribal extensions beyond the national borders. This status has brought about certain conditions in ethnic interactions with the central government. This condition may account for the major portion of Iran's geo-political issues and national, regional and international challenges. The present article deals with the issue of ethnicity using a hermeneutic method and postmodern approach aiming at investigating the failure of large-scale theories, a legacy of modernism and positivist method, in accounting for ethnicity issues. This article is to demonstrate that in postmodern dialogue the regional issues should be dealt with in the light of time and geography of that region.

Introduction: Choosing urban management model type reflects insight into relationships to be held between municipality and councils. It also consider as index for executive power and level of participation. Defining managerial style for city and conducting power down toward urban managers is regard as significant discussion of the best managerial model. City managerial model has a close attachment to creation or solution of city problems. Survey over Tehran municipality managerial model offers that the regular model of urban management in Iran is council-manager. Analyzing managerial pattern of Tehran and its features peculiarly dative selection of mayor causes hard dependence of urban management model's elements to main structure of power. This procedure in turn exacerbates lack of civil institutions and population cooperation and has made urban management as contest arena for political parties over national level. So, council-mayor model suggested as convenient model. Applying the model through masses-based procedure and communicative insight into urban problems, in one hand, over national level emphases declining role of center power and on the other hand in local level it strengthen local management, participation of local community, multi-level and multi-agent government for effective urban management.

Introduction: Unlike wrong Conceptions that Green space may be inducing to public, Green space is not only a space with trees, but it is symbol of social and cultural thoughts of a Society and its domain not include only parks. Selection of plants in architecture of green space not is done only based on Aesthetics Visual items but a set of factors like ecological, natural requirement and Functional properties must be regarded. At recent years in Iran, selection of plants species was not scientific. They select plants by chaotic methods or by one dimensional viewpoint. Today in domain of green space most of Iran's cities confront with problem, as following items:1- Being one seasonal of green spaces and their function;2- Non concurrence of space with function;3-Incomprehension and lack of feeling of Aesthetics of plants.Intolerance of cold and heat and ecological condition by plants cause them deteriorate and make an inappropriate landscape.

Introduction: Poverty in Iran is developing like other countries, and makes a lot of troubles to the cities. Kermanshah as an enormous city faces with poverty. In this study, we have considered the skeletal pathology of this city. The purpose of this study understands the condition and features of dwelling to make some exact study of damages. Research method is quantitative analytic, we have applied the statistical blocks information in 1385 and 9 indices including: fancily dimension, population in houses, pure head- money, gross head- money, pure accumulation, deal of urban population, population residential compression, fancily population in any house, individual population in house. They have classified to three indices using statistical methods and analyzed using Arc/GIS software. Statistical population is Kermanshah city in 1385. Results show that Kermanshah has 1718 blocks that is 21.1 percent too rich population. 1149 blocks that is 1411% rich, 3475 blocks, i.e. 42.7% in average level, 1224 blocks, i.e. 15.1% poor, and 529 blocks i.e. 6.5% very poor population. These results just applied indices.

Introduction: National security is one of the main goals political societies and regimes. So to achieve this, various actions must be done. Among these measures are the identification of threats and factors which threaten security. In the contemporary period, the development of the cities, the growth of metropolitan life, the increasing social conflicts and struggles- among them the urban crimes and incongruities- are one of the commonest phenomena of human societies. Likewise, Mashad, as the country's second Metropolis has a high share of social and economic inequalities and crime. This paper considers one of the sources that threaten the country's national security with regard to social and economic affairs. So let us first consider the concept of security. Then the concepts of crime-prone locations and civil crimes, deprivation and social inequalities are considered. The measurement of inequality in Mashad's 12 sections with regard to criteria of addiction, lack of chastity, forgery, theft, crimes against public properties constitutes the main core of the research.

Introduction: The dominant form of cities has been urban sprawl worldwide which created multi socio-economic and environmental problems. Critics believe that this form of urban growth is the most unsustainable expansion of cities resulted from Intensive use of private cars and haphazard urban land use planning. The issue dictated planners to seek for a more sustain and healthy urban form which could guarantee the balanced growth of cities, and so the compact city was one the most defended form for the contemporary urbanism. Now the main question was that which one of urban form i.e. compact or sprawls provide better quality of life? There are many issues which should be considered in first place and then to determine the best option for urban growth. Initially, the level life satisfaction is related to different socio-economic status and the mode of transportation of urban residents and other factors. Urban sprawl common in USA, Australian and Canada is different with the same phenomena in Iran and the majority of developing countries. The Mega polises of Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz and others are the results of an inefficient economic development triggered urban-biased and therefore led to the huge rural-urban migration towards the urban fringes where pulls most of the local municipalities’ financial resources and con not coined as “American dream”. This paper tries to use objective indicators to analysis the unbalanced growth of Babolsar city which now threatened the quality of life and its environment. The research applied Entropy method and density to define the city form and also tests of T and F accompanied with SPPS to measure environmental quality.

Introduction: Procedures and accelerated its growth in recent decades, cities in Iran, has sparked a lot of urban problems. So, the problems of urbanization and the failure all aspects of its influence and sometimes disrupt urban life has made. One of the major problems the older cities more tissue worn in them is the source of many problems in urban areas and the economic-social, body-physical, environmental and security in the wake and the instability in many city has provided. Basically, the body of the cities affected by natural processes, social and economic change gradually and was exhausted and needed reconstruction and modernization over time they will gradually feel.