Human Geography Research
Year:2016 | Volume:48 | Issue:1|Papers Count:18

Introduction:Principles of economic development in each country need to invest in various economic sectors and activities. Without investment in infrastructure and superstructure projects, it cannot be expected to expand production, employment and economic welfare. To understand this, we can see many countries today have found a strong tendency to attract investment.

Introduction:Drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage causing adverse impacts on vegetation, animals, and/or people. It is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that occurs in virtually all climate zones, from very wet to very dry. Drought is a temporary aberration from normal climatic conditions that can vary significantly from one region to another.

Introduction:During the twentieth century, more than 1100 devastating earthquakes occurred in different parts of the world and left more than 1.5 million people dead that 90% was mainly caused by the collapse of the not secure buildings. This research is an analysis-heuristic investigation in methodology and according to nature and inability to control behavior of the variables effective in the problem, this is non-experimental study.

Introduction:Agriculture and food security have always been one of the main human concerns. Food policy must be made for humanity to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. However, these goals have recently been challenged by emerging forces including climate change, water scarcity, the energy crisis as well as the credit crisis. Indeed, as land and water become scarce, the earth temperature rises, and as world food security is deteriorated, geopolitics of food is emerging.

Introduction:Talking about controversy and conflict over scarce resources among individuals as well as states is an issue that has long been of interest to scholars and experts of economics, politics, psychology, biology, etc. This is clearly evident especially in view of the realism school and thinkers such as Thucydides, Hobbes, Machiavelli and Followers such as Morgenthau, Waltz, and Kissinger. Anarchic international system, state-centered, effort to obtain, maintain and increase the power, rationality and calculation of cost-benefit, struggle to survive and self-reliance are the most important characteristics and components of the realist school in international relations.

Introduction:Today, creation of local institutions represents the levels of participation. Local institutions and community organizations are a mechanism to attract the public participation and collaboration and also a context to incorporate the people collaboration in the management process of their settlement environment. Participation in rural development management process is not done in a vacuum and must be representative of the decision-making bodies. The institutionalization of participation is possible only through institutions.

Introduction:Globalization and advances in information and communication technologies and also emerging knowledge based economies can fundamentally alter the policy approaches of the countries relying on "comparative advantage" to the "competitive advantage". This trend has raised the concept of "Territorial Competitiveness". Competitiveness is a concept that was previously meaningful only at the level of activities and firms, in the mid-1990s. It coincides with the increasing importance of place, caused by the movement of human resources and capital, enjoyed spatial manifest and came into the discourse of regional science and spatial development planning.

Introduction:The establishment and emergence of a city, more than anything else, depends principally on the natural environment and geographical location because the natural effects and phenomena have strong impacts on localization, distribution, influence, physical and morphological development of urban areas. Some of the natural phenomena are plateaus, mountains, craters, valleys, plains and beaches, alluvial fans, slopes, rivers, seas, lakes, and etc. (Zomorrodian, 1995: 8).

Introduction:Complex interactions between human decision-makers and their biophysical environment can be observed in land-use systems. These complexities are due to the differences between biophysical and socio-economic variables. To Model human decision-making, we need to know the interactions between landscape, community, and ecosystems. In reality, humans make decisions using a variety of strategies.

Introduction:Smuggling, in violation of the law, especially without payment of legal duties, is one of the complex and challenging criminal behavior in the country. This criminal behavior causes irreparable material and spiritual damages to the country each year. Avoiding regulatory controls, the criminals behind these activities typically peddle often-dangerous goods with a complete disregard for the health and safety of the consumers.

Introduction:Following the emergence of spatial perspective and quantitative revolution in human geography, both the “idea” and “methodology” were transformed in the discipline. In 1950s and 1960s, other branches of human geography, except for historical and cultural fields of geography focused mainly on spatial school in their researches and published many scientific works. However, political geography did not manage to adapt itself to these transformations. The result was separation of political geography from the main stream changes of geography in the 1950s and 1960s. The present study tries to find answer to the following question: why did spatial perspective entered political geography with delay, and afterward, in the 1970s, was removed from the center of political geographical studies?

Introduction:To achieve the objectives of food security and sustainable agriculture, effective role in strengthening national independence requires fast and accurate transition from production stage of traditional livelihoods to the industrial production and trade stage. On the other hand, the pursuit of sustainable agriculture today as an approach to agriculture made it possible to begin commercial production and food security of rural households. Family uses, accounted for about 80% of total agriculture uses. Therefore, the relationship between their tersest is collected and food security in rural is of utmost importance. In this regard, this study also analyzes their relationship between the food security and sustainable agriculture. Generally, this study consisted of three parts: theoretical perspective, methodology and hypotheses testing.