SEED AND PLANT IMPROVEMENT JOURNAL
Year:2009 | Volume:25-1 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

Fifty seven advanced breeding lines of hexaploid bread wheat from temperate region trial of Iran were selected and studied for relationship between HMW glutenin subunits and SDS-Sedimentation volume. The SDS-PAGE and SDS-Sedimentation were used for electrophoresis separation and bread making quality respectively. Three subunits at Glu-A1, five subunits at Glu-B1 and two subunits compositions at Glu-D1 were identified.Results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between subunit 1 from Glu-A1, 17+18 from Glu-B1 and 5+10 from Glu-D1 with SDS-Sedimentation volume. In the stepwise regression analysis, allele Null at Glu-A1, subunits 2+12 from Glu-D1 with negative effect, subunits 13+16 and 17+18 from Glu-B1 with positive effect in high SDS-Sedimentation volume were entered in the model. The results of oneway analysis of variance were also assessed. Subunit 1 at Glu-A1, subunit pairs 13+16 at Glu-B1 and 5+10 at the Glu-D1 locus had the high means for SDS-Sedimentation volume.

Cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) is a heterozygous and allogamous species characterized by gametophytic self-incompatibility. Propagation by seeds has caused a high heterozygosity in almond gene pool of Broujerd region. Spring frosts and nonuniformity of kernels are the main limiting factors of almond production in this region.Therefore, the almond germplam of the region was evaluated during 2006 and 2007 to select superior genotypes with desirable pomological and vegetative and suitable fruit and kernel characteristics. In order to achieve these goals some morphological traits such as yield, bearing habit, nut and kernel weight and size, kernel ratio, kernel twin and hollow (%) and flowering date were recorded according to IPGRI descriptor for almond. In the evaluation and comparison of traits for two years, 10 superior genotypes number 57 (for yield, kernel ratio, weight and size), 112 (for yield), 166 (for kernel shape and color), 91 (for kernel size and weight), 177 (for kernel ratio), 103, 43, 59, 157 and 135 were introduced. In addition, some late-bloom genotypes were recognized in this study which can be used in the future breeding programs. Cluster analysis with SPSS software produced seven groups with similar characteristics. Significant and positive correlations between kernel and nut weight were found. Negative correlation between kernel percent and nut dimensions, especially nut width, were also obtained. Furthermore 22 days of difference in full bloom stage was observed in orchards located in low and high altitude locations in 2006 season.

In order to evaluate the yield and physiological indices of 13 spring cultivars of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted in 2007 growing season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Trogh, Mashhad. These cultivars were from three rapessed species, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica juncea. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications .Results showed considerable differences among yield, TDM and LAI of cultivars .Seed yield of B. napus cultivars was more than that of B. rapa cultivars. With exception of RGR, cultivars of B. napus had more value of physiological indices than cultivars of B. rapa. A maximum TDM was obtained during growth season after 1105.3 GDD at pod filling stage. A maximum GAI was observed with receiving 744.7 GDD at flowering stage and after that lessening trend of GAI was gradually acquired with a mild slope. A maximum CGR was obtained after 867.9 GDD at end of flowering. Based on the results, it was concluded that TDM and LAI had more correlation coefficients than other physiological indices both within and among species.

Genetic analysis of yield-related traits in bread wheat was carried out by crossing the drought sensitive cultivar Gusspard with two tolerant cultivars, BCW and Sardari. F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies along with their parents were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological traits such as flowering data, maturity data, spike weight, number of fertile spikes, peduncle length, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, were recorded. Results of weighted analysis of variance showed significant generation means squares for all traits. Therefore, analysis of generation means were examined using mutual scale test, which is performed in all generations simultaneously for each trait. In addition to additive and dominance effects, epistasis effect also played role in controlling the inheritance of all traits. Mean broad sence heritability for studied traits varied within the range of 0.44 and 0.89 Number of genes for the all traits was estimated to be approximately 1 to 3.

Anthracnose, caused by Gnomonia leptostyla, Anamorph: Marssonina juglandis (Lib.) Magn.), is the most serious disease of walnut. The present study was designed to determine relative resistance to the disease in eleven walnut genotypes using a factoriel experiment on the basis of completely randomized design. After grafting of walnut genotypes, grafted plants were inoculated by a 105 spore per ml suspension of the pathogen. The results showed that germination of spores was higher on the upper surface of the leaves. The first symptoms of infection appeared on Z60 and Hartley four days after inoculation. The acervuli were produced first on K72 genotype about 27 days after inoculation. Two months after inoculation, evaluation was done in each plant by determination of the number and the mean diameter of spots and leaf infection percent.The results showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes in number and size of spots. The highst leaf infection percent occurred on Z60, K72 and Hartley, and Vina and Ronde de montignac showed the least leaf infection percent.

To select stable bread wheat cultivars/lines and suitable sowing date for moderate agro-climate zone of Iran, fifteen cultivars and advanced lines of wheat were studied in a split plot arrangement using a randomized complete block design with three replications and three sowing datas (Oct. 12, Nov. 01, and Nov. 21), at six locations, for two cropping seasons (2005-2007). Yield from stations in two years were analyzed to determine the best sowing date for each location. Results of combined analysis showed that the first date (Oct. 12) was suitable for all locations. Therefore, the data of the first date were analyzed based on RCBD in six locations and two years. Since the genotype × year × location interaction was significant, analysis of stability was done. The results of different stability methods were almost similar. According to the results, cultivar Shiraz with a yield average of 9.79 tha-1 was found to be the most stable cultivar followed by line M-18-14 that produced an average yield of 8.8 tha-1. Cultivars Saissons, MV-17, Zarrin, and Kavir had less stability.

CI2401 is one of the resistant lines to biotype II of Russian wheat aphid (new blotype) recently identified from a wheat introduction. A F2 segregating family derived from CI2401 and Glupro (a susceptible wheat cultivar) was developed to study this resistance gene. F2 seedlings were infested with RWA biotype II of the aphid. Seedlings, reaction was scored as resistant (flat leaves) and susceptible (rolled leaves) 15 and 20 days after inoculation. Segregation of resistance in the population agreed with simple Mendelian ratios (3:1) using chi-square test, and revealed presence of a single dominant gene controlling the resistance to biotype II of RWA in this selection. Forty two pairs of SSR primers covering all chromosome arms were used to determine the RWA-resistance gene location in the wheat genome. Chi-square test showed no deviation from single locus segregation ratios in this population. The only Xbarc126 and Xgwm121 primers which are 7D specific markers were mostly linked markers to the resistance gene and the other markers showed no linkage. This reveals that the resistant gene is located on the 7th chromosome of D genome in wheat like many other previously identified RWA-resistance genes and can be used to develop new RWA-resistant wheat cultivars.

The present study was carried out on 21 research headquarters and 32 research centers in 30 provinces, affiliated with the Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO) of the Islamic Republic of Iran and nine other research bureaus and centers affiliated with other organizations in the country. Necessary data were collected through the questionnaire froms filled out by the research instilutes and centers. Based on the results, 21 research headquarters and 32 research centers of AREO carried out and completed 2664 research projects and had also 2703 projects in progress (mean of three years period of 2001-2003). Every researcher in research institutes completed 1.3 research projects and had 1.4 projects in progress. These indices were 1.1 and 0.4 for nine other research bureaus and centers, respectively. The higher number of research projects in agricultural science, had been carried out by the researchers in AREO during this period.Mean number of books written or translated by each AREO researcher was about 0.3% which was 1/3 of the total books in agricultural science published by the researchers of the country in 2000. The pertaining number for researchers in the nine research bureaus and centers was 13% which was higher than that of the total researchers in the country. Per capita number of scientific research articles, extensional papers and papers presented in congresses (domestic or abroad) were 0.33, 0.13 and 1.02 per year, respectively, and as a whole, it was about the same as that of the whole country (0.466).

Most part of durum wheat is produced in semitropical dryland regions in Iran. Heat and drought stresses are the main constraints in these regions. So, identification of durum wheat cultivars with high yield and tolerant to these stresses is the main breeding strategy in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute. The genotype Capeiti was evaluated at Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station from 1996 to 2003, and in Kouhdasht, Gonbad, Moghan and Ilam stations drying 2001-2003 years. Seven year mean yield of new genotype (3.222 tha-1) showed remarkable preference to Seimareh as check (2.830 tha-1).

Some parts of semitropical regions in Khouzestan, Fars, Kohgiloyieh-va-Boyrahmad, Lorestan, Golestan, Ardabil, Kermanshah and Boushehr provinces specified to spring barley cultivation which local or a few improved cultivars are grown there. Barley breeding activities in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) are continuously undertaken in Gachsaran, Kouhdasht, Gonbad and Moghan to introduce new cultivars for these regions.

Pishgam was selected from the progeny of a cross between Barakat Iranian bread wheat cultivar and Chinese 90-Zhong 87 winter-habits (Bkt/90-Zhong 87) in 1995. The F1 generation seeds were planted in Karaj station in 1995-96 cropping season. Selected-bulk method was applied to segregating generations from F2 to F5 generations for characters such as winter hardiness, plant height, straw strength, disease reaction, and plant and kernel type under irrigation in the field conditions of cold region at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station from 1996-97 to 2000-01 cropping seasons. Selected Individual plants were grown in F6 generation and selected plots were harvested in bulk and forwarded to F7 generation for evaluation in preliminary yield trial in Ardail in 2002-03.