Journal of Historical Researches
Year:2020 | Volume:55 (NEW VOL 11) | Issue:4 (44) |Papers Count:6

The Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh Gorji and his dominance over this land and the whole Fars State, from 1834 to1836 AD is one of the most important historical events in Fars and Iran during the Qajar dynasty. In his manuscript, ‘ Madayih Al-Motamedieh’ , written in his name to describe his political life, intentionally or unintentionally, the events that happened during these two years are briefly and practically distorted. Unfortunately, in other first-hand sources, only brief and repetitive references to this period have been made. This paper aims at explaining Shiraz and Mamasani Conquest by Manoochehr Khan Motamed-al-Dowleh and his political style in Fars based on first-hand sources. Moreover, this article also discusses the importance of why the state of Fars has been so important in the eyes of the Qajar government and has always been the center of discord and policy-making.

During the Nader Shah Afshar’ s reign, despite the all the military and political successes in the foreign arenas, Iran was full of actions and reactions of different tribes and clans in the form of military conflicts and political challenges. One of the tribes that seems to have had a serious and effective presence in the conflicts and challenges of the Nader Shah era was Qarachurlu tribe. Investigating the role and position of this tribe in Iran’ s military and political developments and the results of it is the main issue of this research. Despite the bold role of this tribe in the Nader’ s era, no proper research has been done in this field so far. The present study attempts to analyze this role by using the descriptive-analytical method and by searching through historical texts and various documents. The results of various studies show that different clans of this tribe have been active especially in the fight against the Afghans and the Ottomans, and other foreign struggles, as the vanguards of the soldiers of Nader. Besides, Qarachurlu Kurds have always been in favor of Nader Shah in repressing internal insurgencies.

The influence and expansion of Islam religion in the Indian Subcontinent are the important issues which have been considered by scholars for a long time ago. Various factors have contributed to the spread and influence of Islam in the Indian Subcontinent including the arrival of early invaders, Muslim merchants and traders, and the migration of Muslim clerics and Sufis. Meanwhile, the share of Sufis has been higher and more considerable than in other groups. Some Western and Indian scholars believe that Islam first entered the region through military conquests. But, historical evidence did not support this claim. Although in a general process, military movements should be considered as obstacles to the influence and spread of Islam, but in some periods and some areas of migration, military campaigns provided a good platform for groups of Arab tribes or individuals and groups of merchants, Sufis, scholars, and scientists to enter the area. Some Sufis even went to India with the same troops. With proper and humane behavior and interaction with the inhabitants of the Indian Subcontinent and the Indian religions, Sufis were able to partially eliminate the hatred and pessimism of the Indian invaders about the actions of the Muslim invaders in the early periods of the spread of Islam.

Since its establishment in 1921, Iraq’ s borders were incorporated by a diverse medley of people who had not been joined into a single political community with a common sense of identity. For the Iraqi rulers, the education system was the most important and the best tool for expanding a common national identity. As a result, a centralized education system was created, new schools were developed, and new education with nationalist content was spread from Baghdad to other parts of the country. In the present study, the descriptive-analytical method was used and the data were collected through library sources to answer two research questions: how nationalism and the infusion of national identity were started and expanded in the Iraqi society? And what goals and motives did the nationalists have to promote nationalism in Iraq? The results showed that Arab nationalists, such as Sati' al-Husri, Fazel Jamali and Sami Shawkat, along with Syrian and Palestinian nationalists, who taught in Iraq, played an important role in the development of national identity. They expanded a common national identity with the foundation of Arabism by teaching the common Arabic history and the language developed for the curriculum. Ultimately, the spread of nationalism pursued two important goals: to create a shared identity in Iraq's multi-ethnic society and to emphasize its role in Arab unity.

Understanding the history of Iran during the Seljuk period is very important because of the presence and influence of a new role player called the Turkmen tribes. They have played an important role in the formation and fate of this government. Since the establishment of this government, the conflict between the two forms of policies about running the country led to challenges and conflicts between them. On the one hand, the Iranian bureaucrats demanded a centralized government, and on the other hand, the military and tribal chiefs and the pro-power clerics claimed the decentralization of power. The death of Nizam al-Mulk, the architect of the centralized sovereignty theory in the Seljuks, provided a good opportunity for the military to attempt to seek power, and the first victim of such an attempt was Amir Oner. The present study aimed to elucidate the nature and causes of Oner's revolt against Sultan Barkyaruq and to determine what factors influenced Oner’ s action. The method of this research was descriptive-analytical based on library resources. The findings of the present study indicated that Amir Oner represented a group of military officials who sought to increase their power in factions formed after King Malik Shah and Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk’ s death. Although Oner’ s did not enjoy a good fortune and fate, his uprising began to bring about major changes in the structure of the Seljuk power and sovereignty.

With the increase in sugar consumption in Iran since the second half of the 13 th century th AH/ 19 century AD, the Qajar authorities attempted to establish industrial factories to meet the needs of the people on the one hand and the process of gradual industrialization of various sectors as well as the dependence of such products on European governments on the other hand. To this end, two sugar factories in the cities of Sari and Barforoush were established to supply people with consumable sugar. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach and the library method aims to answer the question: ‘ What has been the performance of sugar factories in the two cities of Sari and Barforoush, as well as the course of trade changes during the Qajar rulers? ’ It tests the hypothesis: ‘ The performance of Mazandaran factories in the production of refined sugar has been relatively successful’ . Research findings showed that although in many cases the Qajar government was forced to import sugar to meet the needs of the people, but at times, especially during Amir Kabir’ s presidency, with the production of sugar in Mazandaran’ s new industrial factories not only did the import of this product experience a sharp decline for the first time, these factories were also able to meet some of the consumption needs of the people and may even have been able to export their products.