Journal of Historical Researches
Year:2015 | Volume:51 | Issue:1 (25) |Papers Count:7

Shawl weaving and wool textile has the historical precedent in Kerman. Wool and shawl were the most important export goods of this city before Qajar era. DuringQajar era, this industry had been notably developed and Kerman became the most important district for shawl weaving in Iran. The geographical situation of Kerman and surrounded areas had a major impact on the growth of this industry. In other words, Kerman was capable for producing wool and fluff with high quality. A number of shawl weavers, that approximately devoted two out of three of population of this city to themselves, arouse as a result of this industrial development. These weaver produced some protesting movements in the end of Qajar era. This class encountered many challenges such as unsuitable conditions of life, deprivation of protective rules, lack of meeting and guild and also social gap of society in Kerman. Subsequently, these conditions forced weaver to protest against status directly and indirectly. At the end of this period, carpet weaving had been developed and substituted for shawl weaving. Therefore, this study aims to examine shawl weaving industry and the effects of economical, Social and political conditions on weavers in Kerman of Qajar era based on descriptive analytical approach by employing local history resources of Kerman, travelogues and new studies.

According to historical evidences, Shamloo tribe was the greatest and most numerous tribes of Qezelbash in Safavid era. This tribe had a significant role not only in the foundation of Safvid government but also in maintenance of this dynasty by taking charge of some positions such as administrative officials, military commanders, control of provinces, being tutor of Safavid princess and, etc. However, at some junctures, might of this tribe reduced as a result of tribal rivalries, and policies of Safavid s sovereigns. This study aims to examine the role of shamloo tribe in the foundation and maintenance of Safavid government from the beginning of this dynasty to the end of Shah Tahmasb' s kingdom (1501-1576 A.D). The outcome of this research determine that shamloo tribe had an influential and prominent effect on foundation and maintenance of Safavid government. Meanwhile, for some reasons, its power temporarily fell down but in general, this tribe not only could preserve its socio- political status during Shah Tahmasb's kingdom but also had impact on taking power by Shah Abbas and preceded in this period.

Rastagh is one of the villages located between Ashkzar and Meibod cities in central district of Ashkzar Meibod. According to local resources, the most ancient settlement of this village is belonged to Arsacids. Furthermore, the archeology districts which explored recently are belonged to Arsacids era. Not only resources of Sasanid era show the existence of some of these settlements but also archeological evidences have been explored of this era prove that. Although, it has not been founded any trace about this village in the resources of the early history of Islam, the exictence of Malek Abad district over this period has been confirmed by ultimate researches. Ilkhanid era is one of themost significant period of this district. The researches andexplored archeology districts belonged to this era confirm that this village had been inhabited until Safavid era. Any information has been achieved about this village over Safavid era due to the lack of historical evidence in resources. Over Qajar era, this settlement had been developed in this strict and many villages were founded. Consequently, from Arsacids to Qajar era were founded different settlements in this district that some of them had been isolated, other have existed as village and the number of them have altered to great cities during contemporary period. This essay endeavors to analyze the process of foundation of this village and its changes based on available resources and archeology data by employing a historical descriptive approach.

In this article, it is tried to show how the emersion of Zoroaster's religious thoughts, created new concepts in political thoughts and power relations in Iran. Although this process had been emerged in the light of common interests and common enemy among different Aryan tribes, however these relations found broader implications and with the emergence of Achaemenids, these formed foundations, were realized in an more extensive zone of human world. Most of doctrines that exist in different philosophical-intellectual western schools, are the results of this new religion in human history. The religion that founded a new attitude to humankind and humanity by linking fundamental interests of the collective to divine world and was a new beginning for new different ideas of cosmopolitan. The practical realization of these ideas in the field of historiography, are indebted of historians influenced by Hellenism.

The historical literature of us demonstrates not only the absence of association in narrative setting but also incapacity of their historical role. As a result of that, men have been recorded their history. In other hand, women historiography is regarded to be male history. It has been seemed that the most important reason of this ignorance is the lack of participation of Muslim's women in social role notably in science fields. The reasons which made their social scientific role less important are variant. It has been believed that maternity substantially in essence of physiology and psychology structure of women. Subsequently, they miss the opportunity to rival with men in scientific and social fields due to this aspect. On the other side, it could not be denied the effect of other factors such as underestimation of women, pioneering of men in fields of conquest of lands and subsequently discovery and transferring the scientific achievements of other nations and also translating and completing of them, Islamic rationality outdoor retreat and layer deposition realistic ideas from Hadith's approach, the dominance of patriarchal thinking in the arena of family and society and followed by rise of political despotism instead of pontificated system based on divine legitimation and popularity, substitution of conflicts and sectarian and ethnic wars instead of Islamic tolerance, effectiveness of traditions and thoughts of Arab conflict ignorant life, Buddism, Jewish and Manichaen and finally, changing attitude of religious scholars and Islamic societies into Muslim's position. All of these have been influence on weakness of the role of social and scientific of women. The approach of this essay is a combination based on mentioned reasons and other earthly ones.

During The history of each land, some turning points have been impact on foundation of that land. Indubitably, in ancient Iran, the religion companied by government and under influence of ecological conditions and common customs caused the foundation of government that substantially differs from ones in other lands. As a result of this despotic government, idealistic Iran was established. Subsequently, Authors of other countries decided to explain the feathers of this land in their works. Safavid era regarded to be one the most important periods of the presence of the foreign passengers in Iran. The travelogues of these passengers sufficiently indicate the social, political and religious conditions of Iran during Safavid era. Meanwhile, they had effects on some eminent writers like Voltaire and Montesquieu to picture idealistic Iran during seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in their works. This Study aims to indicate the effects of the works of Montesquieu and Voltaire and other philosophers of eighteenth century which considered to be under influence of utopia of Iran on weather theory in formation of governments in Iran based on Montesquieu's approach by employing travelogues of foreign passengers like Chardin and Tavernier. And also reply to this question that Montesquieu, based what documentations, knows Iran's despotic government originated from its hot and dry climate? And in principle are these ideas exist or not.

Two political systems of prior and after Islamic Revolution have been two different ideology and predominate political discourses. These subjects have been direct influence on compilation of textbooks notably history ones. The example of this effect can be considered in presenting variant narrative of Constitutional movement, one of the most important events of Iran's contemporary history, which is emerged under direct influence of two predominate political discourses factors and also not predominate political social discourses of these periods. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of predominate political discourse on narrative of Constitutional movement and especial feathers of each narrative regarding the examination of history textbooks of third grade of high school in Pahlavid era and after Islamic Revolution. Moreover, the inspection of influence of external flows and political social not predominate discourses which could create the special case differs from predominate political discourse narrative in text books of some levels is another purpose of this essay. In other words, this study endeavors to show presented narrative of constitutional movement by employing the analytical discourse approach. Considering the variety of two predominate political discourses in two periods, before and after Islamic Revolution, this study includes two sections: analysis of content and analysis discourse of different narratives Constitutional movement.