Geography
Year:2013 | Volume:11 | Issue:36|Papers Count:17

Discussion about passive defense has a long history especially in construction of urban spaces as well as public buildings. Accuracy of this claim can be found in Initially of Islam wars and defensive measures such as digging ditches, making a fort. Now days is felt, that Should be improved in considerations of passive defense for reducing casualties of war due to advancement of technology and its impact on the development of WMD.A defensive consideration in urban development is most important because of Iran has strategic objectives and strategies such as: authoritarianism, Seeking glory, preservation of territorial integrity, political independence, pattern of local development and etc. Also considering to passive defense in countries especial in Iran due to their placement in the Middle East and having unique opportunities such as: geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-strategic geo-ideological on the other hand is important.The research is, applied. Office buildings sensitive of Shahriyar city is as studied characterizes to reduce damage from enemy attacks. Generally collocated data is library and has been used field studies.At first in this study, was identified hazard zone in country also was determined building sensitive of shahriyar. So we can prevent financial and physical damages before occurrence of war where these damages are more than other parts of city.

Tourism has been gaining fast in prominence in recent years, both in national and international levels and a huge volume of literature has been published (George et al., 2009; Robinson et al. 2011; Conrady and Buck, 2012); Many have focused on the significance of economic aspects of the activity (Oredegbe and Fadeyibi, 2009; Chang, 2007; Azarya, 2004), though others have studied the second home issues (Rahnemaee, 1979; Hall and Muller, 2004; Pitkanen, 2008; Overvag and Berg, 2011). Moreover, studies of tourism development have often been based on the idea of ‘destination’ as a territorially bounded place (Matias et al., 2011; Williams, 2009). This understanding of tourism and place, though less developed, has been challenged with studies emphasizing the relational nature of place and the role of the tourist’s performance in developing and shaping these in the context of production of these spaces. In this context, tourism in different ways is seen as practice in space that involves multiple spatial mobilities, which promotes different kinds of flows and networks being dependent on spatialitities. Research grounded on these theoretical insights has primarily focused on the central role of tourists may in some face with the risk of overemphasizing the dichotomies found in tourism research between hosts and guests, production and consumption and economy and culture (Johannesson, 2005). Some studies have focused on “action-network theory” (Johannesson, 2005), others on un issues (cole and Morgan, 2010), social identities (Burns and Novelli, 2006), environmental impacts (Moll, 1995; Hill and Gale, 2009; Buckley, 2011), potentials and opportunities (Wearing and Neil, 2009) and ethics and culture (Fennell and Malloy, 2007; Moufakhir and Burns, 2012). This article is aiming to investigate the rural settlements of Binalud Area, considering the very aspects, with emphasizing on the second home tourism and its role in flows of capital, in a new approach in context of “structural- functional Dynamics” (saidi (A), 1391/2012). This approach to the issues of tourism emphasizes on this point, that the ultimate goal of rural tourism in nonsense isn’t to transform the rural spheres into semi-urban spaces, but to protect the rural landscapes and their indigenous socio-economic values should be the initial consideration in different ways of encouraging the rural tourism (saidi et al., 1391/2012).

The one of the natural hazards is Flood that affects almost all of the country and brings financial and human damages; therefore recognition of the areas with flooding potential is one of the most important measures to decreasing these damages. In this research Darrehshahr drainage basin has been analyzed in view of flooding potential and identifying efficient factors in flooding potential. The run-off has been estimated by using curve number method (CN) of American Soil Conservation Service (SCS).For this purpose, in the beginning the needed data and information including land use and hydrologic groups of basin soil maps were gathered and inputted to GIS system. The CN and the infiltration maps were prepared by using of SCS method and compilation the data and information, then were calculated the run-off volume (Q) for basin using of SCS formula and maximum 24 hours precipitation of basin. Finally, the basin study were divided into 4 classes in view of flooding potential according to first quarter, median and third quarter of values of the run-off volume that 9.1 km2 of it included the very high flood potential, 7.8 km2 of it high potential,13 km2 of it average potential and 6.6 km2 of it had also low potential.

The current study has been done with the aim of evaluating the role of NGOs in the reconstruction and renovation of the worn-out urban contexts. In the same line, the study is going to assess the provision of the cooperation samples as well as the public institutions in the renewal of the worn-out urban contexts- with the supreme emphasis on satisfaction variables, public institutions, and social and cultural barriers. The study adopts a survey type research method and random sampling. The participants were inhabitants of the central part of Ahvaz city (a south-western city in Iran) who amounted to 6072 in 2006. Among all, 196 of the inhabitants were selected as the volume sample using the formula. All the study hypotheses were tested using X2 and correlation index. The results revealed that the reinforcement of the cultural and tribal values can lead to the reinforcement of cooperation and activation of NGOs in reconstruction and renewal of the central part of Ahvaz. On the contrary, in recent years, not forming such NGOs, in conjunction with some social and tribal modifications, has resulted in the decline of the cooperation course in the urban reconstruction and renewal.

The purpose of this article is to analysis and predicts changes and evolutions economic sectors, special their employment in sabzevar city between 1996-2006 years census. It's Methodology is descriptive-resolutional method. From Location quotient, shift share analysis, economic base analysis and Shift-Ratio models is used. Analysis indicated that the role of Sabzevar Between 1956-2006 changed from commercial city to city that offer service to other cities or villages. Analysis of economic base of city indicates that agricultures and services sectors are basic and industrial sector is non-basic. Foresight of employments with using Shift-Share model indicated that until 2016 year approximately 31000 people added to employments of city. until this year, agriculture sector will have negative growth and services sector will have uppermost employments in Sabzevar city.

Nowadays, different countries exert far-reaching strife in order to attain sustainable development as follow as economy globalization, technological and informative swift changes across the world which this trend of economy globalization summon much more soberness, in the meantime IRAN can attain economy and sustainable development via seizure thoughtfulness contrivances and substantial diplomacy and utilization of others experiences in an integrated and long-term firm and maximum of sharing in existing possibilities via expansion of agriculture but we must know s which engage in marketing and having suitable marketing strategies is so impressive and necessary in case produced crops will not have suitable sell. In this paper, marketing mixed elements for Pakdasht cut-flowers and put- plants products have been investigated which these elements include Product, Price, Place and Promotion and this survey have been done with measurement and opinion poll of experts, floriculturists and authorities then after prioritizing of these elements, suitable strategies have been planned and demonstrated.

The paper type and amount of urban land use in shaping spatial patterns of crime in the 19th district of Tehran has been studied. Method according to research topic, questions and hypotheses proposed, a combination of descriptive statistics, comparative and analytical. In analyzing the data and statistical analysis in GIS and graphic software office / Excel is used. For statistical analysis and graphics software and plug-Arc GIS. 9.3 (Case) and Crime Analysis plugin is used in Arcview environment. The study population as all the numbers (without the use of sampling techniques) from the police and criminal cases related to administrative units of the Greater Tehran police commander on 1/1/87 till 30/11/87 has been extracted. Thus the present study collection of statistical community crime of rape committed robbery, mischief and Threat to Ban Drug-related crime and that the study period (April to March 87) in Zone 19 have occurred in Tehran. Review results show one of 19 regional problems in Tehran and the lack of proper implementation of the principles of urban land use planning regulations in this area of the city. This and other issues of physical, social, in this part of the city of Tehran has been caused, in some landuses especially commercial and office user event landuses crime is much more than the other.

The essence of this study is focused on applicable research and its research methods is focused on documentation-analyze methods. In the data collection, library and field methods are used and in the analysis of data and information, the Boolean Doctrine with the help of overlapping layers of GIS related to the indicators and the process of hierarchical analysis (AHP) in order to ranking and prioritize of final sites has been used. As a result of this study, the applicable of development principles of Infill Development in our urban fabrics, in consideration of defined local indicators, are certified and it presents a method, how to reach to the sites with the highest potentials for its development, ranking and value. From the results of this study we can point also to determine of other lands and proper areas for Infill Development.

The consequences of rapid urbanity include the appearance of large cities as well as creation of slum-dwellers areas with unorganized texture and atypical housing. This study investigated the main reasons of the slum-dwellers formation in Kashan. The outskirt areas in this city include 'Qorbatha', 'Pomp-e-ra'yati', and 'Lathor' sectors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify the factors affecting slum-dwellers formation by recognizing the status of outskirts in the two sectors of 'Qorbatha' and 'Pomp-e-ra'yati'. The research drew upon an authentic library and survey methods conducted through a self-made questionnaire. The authentic library method was used to explore theoretical and meaning-based aspects of the study and the distribution of and the relationship between the dependent and independent variables were investigated through administrating the survey.

The aim of this research is recognizing and Classifying Synoptic patterns of the level 500 hp of late spring freezes over Kermanshah province during 1365-1384. After determining freeze temporal-local threshold, 27 days freezing days spread over the region were extracted. Then, level 500 HP height data located in a scope of 15-60 northern latitude and 15-65 eastern longitude was formulated as an S-mode matrix for freezing days. After that, the synoptic patterns were classified using statistical method of Component Analysis and Ward’s clustering method. Finally, the composite map of high a low level of each cluster was prepared and analyzed synoptically. The findings show that at the time of the most severe late spring freezes, mainly five synoptic patterns prevailed in to two main groups: Short waves trough, high atmosphere Cut-Off Low system synoptic. So that, downwards moves of the rear side of the above-mentioned direct cold and relatively dry air masses of high latitude from North–West of Iran towards Kermashah provinces and determine temperature descending and bring about freezes.

Cities are the most important centers of human settlements and Center of civilization, Growth and development. Rapid population growth and consequently uncontrolled physical expansion of cities, is causing a variety of chemical, noise, visual pollution, and the types of land prices and environmental crises and etc, that these attitudes necessary preparatory spatial planning for the metropolitan area requires. Karaj metropolis with high population growth rates and increasing physical development in recent decades has been faced with numerous problems that need to perform a comprehensive review of urban and physical planning and demands for this metropolis. One of the basic and necessary steps for urban physical planning is assess the physical suitability of land for physical development. this article is aimed using 7 seven criteria including geology, earthquake acceleration of gravity, slope, distance from river, Distance from city, distance from faults, land use and using fuzzy logic integrated with GIS, land suitability for physical development of Karaj metropolis and the surrounding land is assessed and modeling. Results in terms of land suitability maps of zone classification showed that about 63 percent of the land areas of the settlements have been developed in good and very good suitability. Also, about 24 percent of the area of physical development in areas with low and very low suitability occurred. Results of the model provided are good tools for policy makers, urban planners and decision makers.

Turkey has witnessed a growth in Islamism in the last two decades in a special way or model known as the Islamic-Turkish Model. Turkey gradually distanced itself from the milieu of westernization and secularism dominating the foreign policy and turned its attention to Islamic countries and political Islam. What is of importance is the political orientation of the Turkish foreign policy in the changes in geopolitical domain of its role-playing. The changes in the oil and gas market, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the liberation of new geopolitical areas, security issues in the neighboring region and the geopolitical need of Turkey for relations with Islamic countries are all simultaneous with the Islamist approach in the Turkish foreign policy. The present article employs the theory of constructionism to answer the question “from the geopolitical and constructivist perspective what is the status of the national interests of Turkey in the process of Islamism in its foreign policy?” The research methodology adopted in this article is descriptive-analytical.

Tourism and recreational in nature, including activities that are less related to pollution technology. Development of tourism services, not only will highlight the regional authenticity, but also result in maintaining and organizing the nobility and also create the optimum balance between resources and how to use it for maintenance and development of natural resources national and utilize. This paper aims to answer the question whether the services provided for tourists to meet their needs and their perception of service quality is good? In this type of application - is developed and its methods and survey documents. Range studied, is the city of Kashan information through library and information studies has been collected through questionnaire survey. Based on the results, can be said that a relatively good position to Kashan city in terms of tourism and tourists come from the tourism environment morphotypes had a lot of satisfaction and a positive mental than it had imagined. Kolmogrov Smirnov Z test results, this is also confirmed.

Internet phenomenon and cyberspace as one of the outcome of globalization in the second half of the twentieth century, has affected on basic concepts of political geography such as concept of nation, state, boundary, sovereignty, and many other concepts. As to The formation of cyberspace, there is a need for new research and explanation of the concept of boundaries in political - virtual space for compatibility to political, economic, social and cultural conditions in new era. In such as space, which is described cyberspace, collections of inter-human communications are formed regardless of physical geography via computer and telecommunications issues. This paper, has been descriptive and analytical methods to analyze the concept of boundaries in political - Virtual space of Iran. Research findings show that, geographical boundaries has not lost its importance but also has new functions in the era of growing communication technology.so that, border controls, even today, apply as filtering, telecommunication codes, credit cards and online codes in cyberspace and Iranian users in using Internet space, have always been among ten countries as the most users of internet space. This point, has required the exercise of appropriate policies to control the various political, social and cultural issues by politician.