Geography
Year:2016 | Volume:13 | Issue:47|Papers Count:19

With respect to the wide extent of country, variety of natural environments, its several neighbors, as well as different borders, Islamic Republic of Iran is a country of multiple socio-cultural, economic and political characteristics, with both inner and outer opportunities. In terms of development and security, these specific conditions offer opportunities in one hand, and some limitations in other. It is obviously requested to recognize these features, as well as to seek efficient strategies to use them in local, regional and national development. The two main characteristics of the country’s border regions are size (area) and diversity, which manifest themselves in following features:Ecologic-environmental diversity of the border regions in terms of geographical factors;Variety of historical, cultural, social and polito-econmical characteristics;Differing local and regional locations of border regions, especially with regard to neighboring countries.Unequal levels of development, and different demands and requirements of the border regions, especially with regard to the national level.This article attempts to study the importance of cross-border settlement areas, emphasizing the vital integrity between development and security. The methodology relied on a theoretical-conceptual strategy, during which cognitive methods were applied.

The present research has studied the Ostad Sara District in terms of physical scale. To collect the needed data, some information sources are investigated. To analyze the feeling of safety in the physical environment of the city in the defined framework, the main part of the research data was gained through observation and field study in Ostad Sara District. The goal is to analyze the hierarchy of feeling safety in the old and new section of Ostad Sara District in terms of physical scale. Regarding the goal, the method used is applied and in terms of nature and methodology it is descriptive-analytic. In order to study and analyze the safety in Rasht some scales have been used that depict the physical features and the design of the districts. These scales includes the quality of streets and alleys, plants, the quality of buildings, lights, city furniture, tissue intensity, and the openness and closeness of the space. To analyze and explain the safety in the physical space, a scale of 0-1 has been used.

Annexation is a legal process that allows municipalities to increase their land in the metropolitan area. What planners often neglected in this process is the assessment of environmental impacts. Accordion to destructive Irreversible effect of environmental consequences caused attention of planner to that become to necessary point. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the environmental consequences of annexation villages in the 18th district Tehran. The study is based on practical fundamental goal and the descriptive - analytical method. The population of the study are citizen, of 5 areas of region and it officials. The number of samples accordion to formula were estimated 400 families. The results show that change of land use, industrial growth, population growth and land speculation caused environmental consequences:(such as water pollution, air pollution, land subsidence, disease and traffic), economic (such as reducing agricultural activity, increasing manufacturing , furniture industries and occupations false), social (such as immigration, loss of sense of place, reducing the literacy rate in males) and physical (such as industrial and residential applications interference, loss of agricultural lands, increasing housing units). These consequences environmental disrupted balance that was formed based on ecological capacity. Therefore, the development zone is faced with instability.

The wind as one of the manifestations of renewable energies is very important for tabernacle instead of fossil fuels. The Semnan province, according to its topography and position is one of the best places to build wind power plant. In this research, for potential evaluating of the wind power plants construction were considered different criteria and sub-criteria in the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan. Criteria fuzzy modeling has been down based on expert opinions and survey researches, the control points and fuzzy function type of each layers based on fuzzy membership ranging from zero to one was applied by Idrisi software. Then, in order to the importance of the information integration, Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP) for layers (wind speed, slop, land use….) weighting was implemented by Expert choice software. So, the Arc GIS software were applied for spatial analysis and overlay the layers, after the data analyzed, Semnan province divided into four levels: excellent, good, fair and poor, in terms of capability the wind power plants building. Finally, the results indicated that excellent areas for the construction of wind power plants in the study area are located in the north of the study area at Damghan station with an area exceeding 343301/70 hectares. In addition, good areas are located around the Damghan, Biarjmand, western south SHahroud and North Garmsar with an area exceeding 2279250/32 hectares.

One of the most important concerns for urban planner is to provide citizens’ maximum satisfaction. The issue of residents’ satisfaction in a city as the basis of consequences such as the sense of belongingness to a place, identity, active participation, social integrity, etc. and as the fundamental aim of urban planning, enjoys particular significance and status. The main objective of the present study is to investigate and evaluate the status of citizenship in the urban planning model and citizenship indicators in the two sections of rights and duties. The research employs the mixed method (survey study, correlation, and documentary research) using statistical tests such as t-test and Friedman Test. The research instrument was a questionnaire employed for collecting data from among 100 experts and officials who were selected by the stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. In investigating urban planning models, the results indicate that although each model emphasizes a group of citizens, it does not provide grounds for citizens’ presence and participation in general terms. Participation is only provided for selected groups of people, and rather than it is provided for collective interests, instead it acts for the group and class interests. In addition, in investigating citizenship indicators in the section of rights; the issue of participation with coefficient as 8.13, justice as 7.45, and security as 7.27 have the highest effects on investigated indicators and also in the section of duties and commitments, indicators of law abiding and acceptance of public interest with the coefficient as 3.27 enjoy higher status and significance.

Social security protection is clearly defined in ILO conventions and UN instruments as a basic human right – albeit one that a small proportion of the people on our planet actually enjoy. Broadly defined as a system of contribution- based health, pension and unemployment protection, along with tax-financed social benefits, social security has become a universal challenge in a globalizing world. Social security has a powerful impact at all levels of society of rural.The study aims at investigating the factors of social security Improvement from point of view local community in Meshkinshahr County. At the first stage, factors affecting on success of social security in the Meshkinshar County, were identified from point of view by using semi-structured interview. For attainment of this result, 35 numbers of the settlers of studied region were interviewed.At the second stage, for recognition and analyzing of point of view rural community and the rate of theory consensus them with the result of the first stage. results show that the most important of influencing factors to Social Security of rural in the studied area included component six such as (improvement of economical welfare indexes and interposal action of state, reinforcement of social capital and cognitive capacities, locational dependencies and mental relaxation, realization of social just and dependency of values) that the variance and explained accumulated variance number is (61.01) via this four factor. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

The progress and industrialization of human societies in the past century have intensified the concentration of greenhouse gases and led to climatic change of the different parts of the world. The sign of this climatic change is the long-lasting change in the meteorological parameters. Drought is a serious hydrological phenomenon that may happen due to not receiving rainfall in a vast region and in any climatic conditions. This phenomenon has considerable effects on the economy of environment and water sources. Thus, the study of the climatic impacts of drought can play an important role in the planning and management of water source systems, especially during a period of climatic drought. Paying attention to the climatic change and its effects on water sources is of great importance. Unfortunately, it is not studied sufficiently in our country. In this research, we aim to identify the effects of climatic changes on the time and place distribution pattern of drought using system dynamic approach. This approach is used to study several factors and dual relation of the climatic changes with the time and place trends of drought simultaneously.

Diversity and high capacity of place-based and space-based factors in urban environment cause to create great variety about necessary indices for the attainment of creativity in urban area. With Indexing, urban planners can enhance the capabilities and potential of urban creativity as a factor for innovation in the cultural and economic potential of cities evaluated. Determination place-based indices for creative city according Islamic- Iranian culture is initial stage to introduce Islamic-Iranian creative city. In this article, by using the field-based method on the CVI and CVR questionnaires efforts by surveying from experts in the context of creative city and Islamic-Iranian city to evaluate and analyze the spatial parameters affecting the content of the creative city in the area of urban planning recommended. After analyzing the collected questionnaires, from 97 subindices 14 due to lack of authentication of the content validity of the removal and 83 sub-indices in the form of 11 indices were approved. Also the importance place-based and space-based indices in the development of Islamic-Iranian creative city were found.

Spatial pattern and the intensity of residential lands are of high importance to make decisions about land and to prepare reliable information regarding to rural-urban interactions. Accordingly, in this research remote sensing and GIS techniques were carried out to identify the magnitude of urban-rural development and urbanization in Falavarjan Township, Isfahan. Hence, historical satellite imagery of the township in the year of 2003, 2010 and 2015 were processed to detect the past changes of Falavarjan. Moreover, Cellular Automata-Markov was used to predict the future changes of residential lands in 2020, 2025 and 2030 by applying three scenarios including 1) historical growth, 2) urban development and 3) rural development. The result of remote sensing processing showed the dominance of rural development (0.27 percent) and the relative dominance of rural development per residential patches (annual amount of 10 hectare per urban patch). 15 year spatial modeling of residential lands showed the highest amount of urban growth and rural growth under urban and rural development scenarios, including 2081 hectare and 2296 hectare, respectively. The results of this study have been properly shown the spatial interaction between rural and urban and their maximum development under physical and social drivers. In total, the results of this study could be used as indicators to assess the intensity and direction of residential land use change drivers.

In this paper, according to the need and also the sensitivity of the Qazvin province as one of the industrial hubs of the country is studied in connection with the discovery of the vulnerability of energy transmission networks from the perspective of defense land use planning. In this paper have been used descriptive and analytical methods, and no doubt based on the defined purpose of this paper is placed in the category of applied studies. The statistical techniques used in this article is done include Euclidean Distance tool in the Spatial Statistic Arc GIS software and GWR. The results of studies showed that the severity of the vulnerability of the region in terms of energy transmission lines, power lines, gas, telephone and fiber optic. Spatial centralization.of these lines and geographical focus also high correlation in the distribution of population and activity showed high rates of injury and destruction of the vital center of the city of Qazvin and the surrounding region.

TOURISM AS NEW INDUSTRIAL, IN RECENT YEARS HAS BEEN GREAT EFFECT ON WORLD CULTURAL,SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL CONDITION AND PLENTLY OF COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF HIGH INCOME THIS PART.HAS DEVETED MAJOR INVESTMENT IN LOCAL LEVELS SO THAT CRETION OF REQUIRED FACILITIES AND INSTALATION DEVELOPMENT OF THIS INDUSTRY.ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF FACTOR – ANALAYSIS TECHNIQUE IN RANKING TORISM SAMPEL ARE A OF FATHALMOBIN WITH SYNTHTIC INDICATOR 7.6 STANDS IN HIGHEST RANK AND TOURISM SAMPLE AREA OF ANSHAN WITH SYNTHETIC INDICATOR -7.24 STANDS IN LOWEST RANK.

One of the most important challenges is the sustainable urban development in recent decades. The objectives of sustainable development, runs at all levels of spatial organization; However, municipal level, has attracted more attention due to continuous focus on the growing population and economic activity, particularly in less developed countries. The term in the broad sense it means optimal utilization of resources, manpower, etc. to achieve appropriate consumption patterns. That will be ideally possible by using technical, organizational structures appropriate to the needs of future generations. In fact, sustainable development is achieved when a series of environmental sustainability aims to balance ecological, economic sustainability and social sustainability with the aim of economic survival with the objective of social justice. The aim of this study was to analyze and prioritize the factors affecting the sustainable development using AHP approach is the city of Kerman. The population of the investigation seven experts in urban housing organizations are Kerman and Kerman municipality, that were collected their views using a questionnaire paired comparisons. The collected information is analyzed by a group AHP approach. According to the results, sustainable economic development with a weight of 0.703 has the greatest impact on sustainable development and sustainable development, social and environmental Kerman weighing 0.211 and 0.076 respectively in the second and third priority.

Dust phenomenon is one of the most natural hazards in recent years, West and South West of the country and especially the affected area in the province and many of the social and economic problems, people's health at risk cast. Therefore it is necessary to identify strategies to deal with dust and on the criteria considered, select the best option to deal in origin. The aim of this study was to test the hierarchical approach to deal with dust and selecting the best standards in the fight against these storms is Hoorolazim. Topographic maps of 1: 50,000 and 1: 250,000 geological map of Iraq Hoorolazim Ahvaz and satellite imagery and questionnaire ranking criteria and options, gathering experts and professional organizations Ahvaz using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP ) and adjust the rating and calculation comparison matrix compatibility test and weigh the options and criteria, methods of research. The results showed that the best way to combat dust in the Lagoon Hoorolazim, restore rangelands and forests, which are the least expensive and least time allocated to the sand painting. In terms of performance, the water supply device in the pond and dam, which beat Surface layers of soil, water storage provides the best options. Due to the high standard weight between the criteria, spraying sand option should be a priority.

After 1989 that sustainable development was proposed as a fundamental concept in Brandt Land report, this topic was the focus of planning at various levels. Since the city is as a livable and healthy place of citizens, And since the growth of cities in the Third World, usually is not based on the principles of sustainable development and urban planning is not correct and prospective, it is essential that effective steps should be taken towards sustainability. One of the main factors that cause segregation and inequality in the use of facilities and utilities is the uneven distribution of services in urban areas. This study aims to investigate inequalities in urban areas in terms of economic, social and physical development index at the Khorram- Dareh urban areas. Due to the efficiency of electric models (ELECTRE) 10 economic, social and physical indexes have been used. Type of research is applied and its method is descriptive- analytical. The results of the ELECTRE model indicate that the districts number 1 and 3 in terms of economic, social and physical development indexes are in good condition and district number 6 is in the most inappropriate situation, indicates that urban districts of Khorram-Dareh city in terms of economic, social and physical development indexes are quite different.

Scenario planning is a powerful and effective tool for foresight. In recent years, research on scenario techniques has made substantial contributions in the form of methodological frameworks. The main goal of scenario development is to stimulate thinking about possible events, assumptions related to these events, opportunities and possible threats and methods of implementation. Scenario analysts create a set of narratives about the longterm future through corporate and collaborative processes. One challenge of scenario construction is integrating the knowledge of both science and practice for a better understanding of the complex interactions between impact factors in a region, so the objective of this research is to introduce a format for integrating knowledge for a collaborative scenario analysis in the context of regional development, which requires the participation of heterogeneous actors from the science and practice. In this study future scenarios of urban systems in the Zanjan province have been identified using Formative Scenario Analysis, which finally led to the constructing four plausible scenarios. Cross Impact analysis was used to analyze data sets. The findings show the geographical location and transport infrastructure has the highest impact on the transformation of urban system in Zanjan province. The analyses of urban system reveal that none of the impact factors are absolutely passive and impact factors with low activity scores, strongly influence other system elements.

America tried to use the event of September 11 as a mean to achieve its purposes in the global level. Purposes like defense from America against terrorist measures with slogan of fighting against terrorism, completing the the America hegemony on the siege ring of energy heartland and stabilize 2). so, after the September 11,2001, global society (safavi and sakiani,2010, based on its new strategy, it divide the world into two the friend and enemy block thereby take steps towards establish and founding its country hegemony. Despite of this problems, geopolitical specialties of Afghanistan such as vicinity to Russia and china, vicinity to middle east, expansion of nato to the east, having neighborhood with Iran and center of energy heartland, vicinity to central Asia and Caucasus, proximity to endian ocean, Hormuz strait and Persian gulf are some cases that made the nato and west especially America to place themselves in Afghanistan and around of Iran borders addition to fighting against terrorism as short term purpose, provide the establishment of its hegemony as a long term purpose. America and nato attack Afghanistan in October, 2001, and after ten years ,Barack Obama expressed that America forces is going to go out Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the state feature in Afghanistan is continuous fails and Taliban are still acting in this country and their terrorist actions are interrupting security of Afghanistan. Afghanistan likewise is suffering from lack of security, economic and political non-development, lack of social security, terrorism and production and trafficking of drugs, and as a result, neighbor countries especially Islamic republic of Iran has been damaged because of this insecurities. The research method that has been used in this research is descriptive-analytical method.