Geography
Year:2015 | Volume:13 | Issue:45|Papers Count:12

China's Communist revolution in 1949 led to the transformation extensively in Chinese foreign policy. This country has gone through different periods from the foreign policy and its relations with the countries of the world, has been associated with many ups and downs. In total, China's foreign policy ever since the Communist revolution in 1949 can be divided into two different periods, and during the Mau period. Under Mao, China to protect its fledgling state, relying on Soviet policy, but Mao later due to ideological differences with Moscow, from the Soviet Union and policy away from its reliance placed on the agenda. After the death of Mao and the rise of Deng Xiao Ping, China's policies towards the ideological distance and went and pragmatic Realpolitik. It was in this period that China's break with the ideology of Mao's policies, the rotary control in its foreign policy that remains to this day. This Paper with methodology of descriptive-analytic, has been reviewed the various aspects of the foreign policy of China from the Mao era, up to Now, and has attempted to respond to this question that What are changes in the foreign policy of China, from the Communist revolution of 1949 up hitherward? The results show that the foreign policy of China has backed away from the ideological fettle and has pursued realistic and practical approach based on the realities of the world geopolitics.

It is true, that borders often operate as an obstacle to the free movement of people and goods, so they should be considered in the context of territorial development and national security considerations, related to socioeconomic relations, on the one hand, and spheres of different formal and informal activities in rural and urban settlements, on the other. Moreover and in some cases, borders are simply ignored, especially by rural and urban residents of the border areas. The contradiction between living in one side and socio-cultural belonging to the other side of the border is the main issue. This issue results in most cases to resisted conflict between respect for the laws of the main country itself and belonging to "others". Border exchange is of the main issues in communication and livelihood between neighboring countries. Historically, in such countries as Iran, cross-border transactions in different forms have always been available; though in recent decade have gain new dimensions. In fact, the lack of infrastructures, vast unemployment, and lower income, in absence of productive capital led to significant interest of border people in these activities. Research on border exchange in Baneh District reveals that, border transactions, with its related flows, such as flows of people, capital, goods, information, and innovation, have led not only to physical transformation of settlements’ fabric, including changes in housing patterns and living spaces, but also resulted to more occupation opportunities and higher income levels and better standards of living, which led to changing socio-economic behavior of the people engaged.

Climate change with changing climate patterns and confounds Ecosystems discipline, imports Serious consequences on the environment. Changes in weather patterns Could Lead to severe flooding, extreme heat or cold, more frequent droughts. Each of these phenomena could put at risk the regional food reserves. North east of Iran due to the large area has very varied natural conditions and each of the areas included specific natural features. The extent of the area and factors such as mountains rising, desert areas. In this research, were use 25 year synoptic meteorological stations (14 stations) statistics from1/1/1987 to 31/12/2011? Result show that some station such an Ghochan and Sabzevar, show an decrease trend in the number of extreme temperature indices (CSDI, TR20, TNX, FD, TN10P). Other stations, in 90%, experience increase extreme temperature changes. Among the indicators, in the first order; the days of Summer, the warm days, The maximum temperature limit, the warm nights, the warm period duration Indicators Show an increase of 100% and cold days index shows an decreas of 100%. Also the minimum temperature of at least, maximum temperature of at least and tropical night indicators by more than 85% increasing trend and the cold night index by more than 85% are In second place. The maximum temperature of at least and the growing season duration indicators with 71% and 69% increasing trend and the ice days index with 71% decreasing trend, are In the third place. Hence we can derive the great Khorasan experience sever increasing temperature changes in last 25 years and based on behavior of indices, severity of this changes in coming decades will be multiple.

This essay, while studding the geographical distribution of religious minorities such as Armenians, Zoroastrians, Jewish and Assyrian in Tehran emphasizes the social security consequences. To do this, first theorical discussions related to the subject and then primary patterns of geographical distribution of the religious minorities in Tehran are presented. Following this today’s patterns of geographical distribution of religious minorities are described and their common and different factors are studied and it appeared that geographical distribution of religious minorities does not have a special special arrangement. That means, in some cases they have settled down and lived separately (like most of the Armenian population and some of the Zoroastrians), and other cases the live scatteredly in Tehran. In spite of the rise and falls of that religious minorities and their relations with the government have had, from the social security point of view, there is great potential for their getting close to the society and in case of suitable planning it’s possible to develop this potential to active and utilize the opportunities to deepen the social security.

Geomorphologic parameters are the decisive and influencing factors on the quality of water resources, particularly surface waters, such as rivers and lake. Chemical quality of the water can be affected by formation litho logy of the drainage basin, river sediments transported, material and ecological factors, such as human activities, agricultural, industrial and urban activities that combining these items as Ecogeomorphology checked. In this study Impact of influence factor on the Chemical quality of the Aleshtar River in the 2 eststion: Dare tang and Sarabseydali and as well as the impact of season changes in the water quality of the Alashtar River, have been studied. In this study vitro analytical method was used that the water samples taken during the twelve months of the Daretang and Sarab Seydali (91-92 water years) in Aleshtar drainage basin and the geology map (1/100000) and topography map (1/25000). The results showed that variety of geological formations, such as limestone and erodibilit formation in this drainage basin and role of the runoff on the creating and transport of sediment in the Aleshtar River affected the river water quality, But it noting bad the quality of water. One-way analysis of variance showed that the effect of the seasons change on pollution, only affected on parameters of sodium, magnesium, nitrate and nitrite on the 5 percent level is significant and the other parameters shows that the Season change, have no effect on the amount of pollution in the alashtar river.

Globalization is process that ongoing and expanding in the world, with uses his powerful tools surrounded various aspects of human societies included: economic, political, cultural and social. In the meantime, development of information and communication that counting as well as tool and dimension from this phenomenon, expanded more than any other aspects of globalization. This dependence on ICT, despite the significant advantages, to create new forms of vulnerability. One of vulnerability conditions, abuse groups of extremist and terrorist are from development of information and communication technologies. In fact, terrorist groups trying to use created conditions in order to expand their activities and programs. At this research that perform with analytic-descriptive to investigating the globalization effects of information and communication on activities, programs and organizational structure of terrorist groups. Attained results from this research show that terrorist’s uses from globalization of information and communication and opportunities it’s for recruitment, training, promotion and even terrorist actions. This conditions to causes that organizational structure a number of terrorist groups have been network status and this groups to having more mobility and geographical diversity.

Rural Haddi Design is the first organized attempt And Comprehensive national that with the purpose Regulatory And Optimize land use in The physical context of Rural settlements Produce and running. Today, shortly after review and approval process with demand changes in a host of applications approved is facing a serious challenge. Subject that This Article will Review and identify the factors affecting it. For the purposes these study, In addition to using descriptive- analytical three methods of observation, documentation review and a questionnaire will be used. Data collected from 14 villages have a Haddi design conductor In the realm of research Evaluation and processing of data in SPSS software Shows That The Socio - Economic and Rural land use change in Haddi design, there is a significant relationship. Also Economic factors More than social factors Influence of land use change.

Since one of the causes of changes in land use, tourism activities, especially the construction of the demands of recreation and second homes, rural leaders (the Council and Dhyaryha) can be efficient in the preservation of agricultural land., The paper is trying to determine the role of rural management in maintaining agricultural land with an emphasis on second homes in the zirtang syab rural district province, is the answer to this question: How have rural managers in the preservation of agricultural lands and villages are under tight actors? To answer the question of the crosssurvey method was used and the method of data collection and analysis of information, documents, surveys, and field. According to the results, according to the following criteria: feasibility villagers to prevent the sale of agricultural land, give the seller the ground, in coordination with relevant organizations ... can the role of rural managers to protect agricultural lands show.

Urban Spaces Occurrence position Urban anomalies in result we are witnessing the lack of Occurrence security in the city. Security is one of the basic needs for human development, so identify quantitative and qualitative indicators and factors affecting the environmental characteristics of And its impact on social security of citizens are necessary. The objective this study is to assess security in urban areas Sarakhs. This study attempts to by comparing the social security in the areas of comparative urban areas Sarakhs evaluate. For achieving to research aims of social security to cover the 5 components (security Life, financial security, security in urban areas, the role of the security police, social trust) are each criteria was considered. Research method Descriptive -Analytic and survey. Statistical population 54-15 year old residents are included in Sarakhs that cluster sampling method the sample of 248 people have been studied. Information Through questionnaires Collected and using Vikor model was analyzed. The results show that factors related to feel safe urban spaces In all urban areas studied The study is better than other factors. Regions two and three of fern. The most their sense of security Life Having. factors police force In areas 1, 4, 5 the greatest impact on the sense of security Citizens.

Nowadays in the design and implementation of urban projects emphasis to gaining of intersectoral coordination and community participation. But attracting community participation seems difficult without approaching the people and officials opinions. The main object of this research is the examination of existence or lack of significant difference between people and officials opinions about urban projects prioritization. For this purpose, people’s viewpoints were collected through 424 coincidental samples and it has been compared with viewpoints of 46 related officials with “Healthy Cities Projects” in Rey city (As one of the projects that is a consideration at the international level) in field of activities prioritization. The statistical analysis was performed using two multivariate ANOVA and nonparametric test of Friedman and U-Mann-Whitney test in SPSS environment. The results indicate that in case of activities levels on “Healthy Cities Projects”, there is a significant difference between people's and officials viewpoints. But, in field of prioritization investigating vulnerable groups’ there isn’t a significant difference between viewpoints of people’s and officials. And in the field of urban issues to prioritize investigation also it requires additional discussion. In the end of article the solutions were proposed to better carry out the project.

One of the factors of tourist attractions in each country can be the valuable building in respect with architecture. Old houses are important for one of tourist attraction and affect on tourist attraction and developing tourist attraction. In our country there are plenty of old houses that are interesting places for attracting the people who are interested in this places in which Sari has few old houses with different architecture that are important. Therefore the purpose of this study is analysis of old houses role in tourist attraction and analysis of position of this old houses in respect to others. The method of this study is descriptive –analytic and with respect to subject and purposes that are anticipated are practical studies. In analysis of data, the SPSS soft ware and statistic T test with one variable and square and Friedman are used. The result of study shows that if old houses old Sari are mending and rebuilding and changing the correct use of them and introducing them with their history of houses for tourist and creating infrastructures that are appropriate for tourist in them can cause developing the tourist and attraction of tourist in Sari.

In general defense in two areas of defense and passive defense has long been associated with the creation of man and man's time, using more advanced techniques and resources they have. But this progress has not been uniform in all parts of the planet relative to the differences led the countries to think of rape, assault and threatening other countries to afford. So the threated country of the use of programs for self-defense was thinking that one of these programs from the standpoint of passive defense is territorial defense preparation. So that the plans to regulate the residence, employment, facilities, infrastructure and services with regard to defense and security, environmental and human, position and shape of the land and the economic, social, cultural and ... and considers all aspects of crisis and danger. From this perspective, many of the goals and principles of passive defense in the context of land use planning in the world. In general, land use planning is a forward-looking and fair view of the use and operation of the power and functionality of the environment and a vision of security and defense in the distribution of people, activities and the infrastructure of people in the space of a country's. In this study, using the analytical method to analyze and study the documentation and analysis of business issues on security and defense of the national level to municipal level has been assessed. For this reason and because of the political situation and the threats against Iran in the region and the world takes place and also the spatial analysis of the scattering of residence and activity in this study, the results indicate an imbalance in rural and urban systems, facilities and infrastructure, employment and activity and... The attention again of political, military and planners authorities is necessary to balance security and defense, and also avoid thinking of harassment and intimidation in the country.