HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2014 | Volume:8 | Issue:17|Papers Count:9

The present study is a review article which tries to rely on credible and related sources and use library research techniques to investigate the concept of place from a philosophical phenomenology point of view. In fact, place and placeless crisis have attracted widespread attention since the, second half of the twentieth century, and among the great philosophical approaches, phenomenology has been able to help understand and create a place. In this paper, first the definition of phenomenology according to Professor David Seamon, the present century famous scholar in the field of phenomenology of place, is discussed and the features and existing approaches to this area of philosophy are investigated. Next, the key phenomenology words (like place) are defined using Seamon's simple and yet comprehensive language. Seamon's view about the important issue of “home” is supplemented with his findings in connection with the experience of At-Homeness. At-homeness creates a situation to immerse people in the world. Therefore, someone believes “home” is the most important place which belongs to the people. As he expresses, the homes can be special places, so we feel bad about leaving them; and we have gotten attached to them. For people in other times and places, at-homeness may involve other dimensions besides those explores here. For the migrant worker or the suburban house owner the specific nature of at-homeness will vary. The five dimensions of this experience (Rootedness, Appropriation, Regeneration, At-Easeness, and Wanmth) are analyzed as the main discussion of this paper. For expanding the elements of at-homeness, Seamon discusses about two important topics: the Body-subject and the emotional layer of experience which he named it Feeling - Subject. Feeling - subject is a matrix of emotional intents within the person which extend outward in varying intensities to the centers, places and spaces of a person's everyday geographical world. Feeling-subject works in two ways: it sustains positive feelings for well used centers and places, and expresses negativity when these centers and places are changed in some way. On the other hand the body is the foundation of rootedness. Bodily familiarity extends within the home, establishing places for things and temporal regularity for activities. Through the recurring cycle of departure and retum, body-subject comes to know the placement of the home and its relative location in tenms of paths, places, people and things. Today. in an era of mobility and mass communications, people easily transcend physical spare and readily compare and switch places. At-homeness is no longer a certainty; it must be re-established each time a person moves. Many people are footloose and feel no attachment to place. At the same time, technology and mass culture destroy the uniqueness of places and promote global homogenization. The result is the placelessness of which Relph (1976) speaks. The article has tried to look at and to analyze the simple and clear views of David Seamon, as an expert in the field of philosophical notions of place phenomenology, in order to use this philosophical approach in scientific and professional urban studies.

Social Interaction is one of the basic and essential needs of human being that significantly affects the social and individual health. Sociologist and psychologist have always emphasized its formation and continuity. This subject has always been considered in the field of Architecture and Urban Design as an important aim in creating new urban spaces. The research seeks to enhance social interactions in public urban spaces particularly streets. Once a street is inviting and appointed with what residents may need, residents go into it to meet their needs or for their leisure time. In this way people find the chance to meet each other and start to socialize. Over time, one point of their way will become the Meeting Place. Presence in this type of places will increase fixation morality of cooperation. Residents voluntarily go to a place that meets their needs. Residents are looking for comfort and social Interactions in Urban Spaces. Designing urban spaces as a connection between urban neighborhoods should be helpful an the context of social interactions. Correct way of design and prediction of dynamic activities can lead to Implementation of more attractive place. Social sustainability of an area is a situation that residents of that local area are satisfied with living there with their neighbors. The main purpose of this paper is to define and recognize the affect of urban amenities and constituent qualitative components of urban streets at neighborhood scale in the extent of social indecision and sustainable civil relations. Therefore this present study is categorized in the analytical and exploratory researches which carried out on streets of Tehran concentrating on the social interactions and qualitative characteristics of urban streets. In this research it is initially tried to identify effective components of how an Urban Space is being inviting, particularly urban streets with better accessibility among urban neighborhoods presenting characteristics of Urban EnVironment. Also the impact of an urban space fabric and functions on the formation of social interactions is considered. These mentioned parameters were noted in the literature studies and theories of theoreticians like Whyte. Gehl, Carr, Lennard, Porta, S, Renne, J and Naghizadeh.Finally after introducing socialization of Urban Spaces in Iran, an interlocal boulevard is designed to attract residents 10 communicate and have social interactions using an analytical method with developed theoretical framework model This model introduced effective factors of designing more healthy Urban Spaces. According to results obtained from the theoretical framework and field observations this fact is concluded that lack of attention to Urban Fabric, activities and its current function appropriateness to Urban Fabric characteristics in access roads, can be the main reason in reducing qualitative aspects of attraction in urban spaces and formation of the social interactions. It is also undeniable that presence of residents in particular places is an effective factor to attract and invite other people. Various fields of activities must be located in appropriate location in urban places.locating different uses in a correct way that provides people presence in various times of day and night.

This study has concentrated on the role of “idea| and |concept| in architecture and state of transforming the concept to architectural spaces and the role of that in manifestation of the meaning. The theoretical framework of essay is designing architecture theory based on text which is related to the way of semiotic, based on layered semiotic (analyzing architecture with syntagm layers: text, context, intertextuality, code, media) and Ervin Panofsky's semiotic analyzing which has three periods: primltive understanding, background literature and hermeneutics. The research methods in this study are analytic and descriptive, combination of qualitative (from case study to theory: inductive) and quantitative (from theory to case study: deductive) research.There is long distance between the “idea” and the “concept”. The “idea” is the subject of the mind but the “concept” is the conceptualization of the mind, The “idea” is the main goal but the “concept” is the effort to the goal, The “idea” is movement but the "concept" is the vehicle of movement, The “idea” is the mother but the “concept” is the child, The “idea” is the language but the “concept” is the speech, The conclusion is the model which is show the process of designing in text architecture, the idea is the primary mind period of project and its contact strategy but concept is the secondary mind period and is concentrated on realizing the project and should be its tactic. The idea after passing from text, intertextuality, aesthetic, semiology, linguistic, philosophy and psychology, would reach to several concepts, and then these concepts should concentrate on their way of mind through the process of design. The concept has long transforming from intuition, wisdom, knowledge and science in order to make the mold. Then the mold should manifest the final synthesis, complex mold, interior and site event architecture, then another prisons should start, environment, function, climate, structure, facilities, economy and so on, then after freedom of all prisons, at the last part of the design, the super imposition of all palimpsests would occur and final project would create.Conceptual architecture is formed and created based on text, concept and dream and the characteristic elements of architecture spaces have important role in manifestation of the meaning and spiritual concepts. Architecture via semiotic and semantic way has influenced on characteristic, identity, time and place sense, creation and manifestation of appropriate space for specific locations, passing of historical palimpsest, psycho sense and so on. These kind of transforming from subject to object, from concept to referent and from mental and consciousness world to concrete and physical world have complicated process which is becoming more and more complicated in architecture cause it has eventual dynamic spaces. The architecture with perfect and exact designing of space, using text, prop, light, form, color and other architectural elements would design space in that way which manifest concepts and would have profound effect on presentation of thought. Architects would know semiotic and semantic way of designing on characteristic, identity, time and place sense in their projects.

The subterranean habitat is the oldest form of shelter known to humans that could be traced back to the cave age. This architectural approach is being used in different parts of the world through the new technology. During the oil crisis interest in underground architecture was considered as an attempt to live a comfort and safe life. Despite the progress made by the architects in developing special systems for the above ground buildings, the underground construction has not been fully explored. Iran has some outstanding vernacular underground buildings that could be investigated and lessons learned from. This article examines the underground spaces in the vernacular architecture of the arid climates in Iran, which include residential buildings, courtyards, cisterns and ice-pits. All of these structural properties fit to the climatic aspect with respect to the vernacular architecture of Iran in arid climate in addition to applied space. Use of traditional underground building with no changes in the new application is not objective. But it is modelled to optimize the quality of environmental science and conservation of energy resources as possible and it can be presented for various climates in order to design optimal spaces which would increase the sustainability of the environment. Unlike spending a lot of energy for heating and cooling the contemporary buildings through modern architecture, the vernacular building is free from that. Most of the numerous advantages of underground structures, especially those concerning the protection of environment cannot be assessed easily in terms of monetary value. For evaluation of under-over ground structures one should not limit the comparison to the cost and the life span aspect in specific, but should consider environmental benefits that an underground building could provide. These days the underground buildings could be competing with super-insulated buildings. Iranian architecture are influenced by the following principles since beginning, the concrete reflection of which is evident even today: Folkloric, to avoid wastage, Static, Self-sufficiency, and Introversion. The green process indicates that all issues are interdependent and any decision should be reviewed with respect to all aspects, thus idea of separated principles contradicts the green process. On different principles, there are many common points. Considering the measures would create a balance in green architecture: Energy conservation, Adapting to Climate, Reduce the use of new resources, Respect to users, Entire site integrity. Since the underground space construction in Iran has observed all domestic architectural principles in hot and arid climate, it can be considered as an inseparable element of Iranian architecture. This fact is in complete agreement with the predetermined and pre-planned aspects of the human through then which was able to respect to the welfare and comfort, something that prevails in today's contemporary green architecture. The partial underground structure has always been a part of buildings in Iran due to climatic conditions and a supplementary to the over ground structure. The underground space architecture corresponds to the principles of Iranian architecture and that of the green architecture; therefore, it can be called a part of green architecture in Iran.

Islamic designs has close relationship with geometrical figures such that can undoubtedly be claimed that decorations of Islamic era have been accompanied with advanced mathematical patterns in special geometrical forms. Islamic patterns have attracted the researchers of the world and encouraged them to discover these patterns and offer theories in analyzing these designs. Rose and star patters are of the common geometrical figures found in Islamic decorations. But, dispersion of current viewpoints about analysis of these patterns and considering special aspect of each viewpoint toward the designs hinders providing a comprehensive approach by researchers in summarizing several aspects of features and then how to use these figures for artists and experts of the related fields. Therefore, this article aims to study and summarize other features of two rose and star geometrical figures through studying of the common viewpoints considering these two important geometrical patterns in Islamic decorations to provide conditions for more and future researches in this regard. Results show that rose and star patterns have most of features of the Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries like Fractal geometry, including symmetry, rotation, proportion, centralism, self-similarity, micro-scale, decimal aspect and repetitiveness. The emerge of new mathematic concepts and usage of that in different part of science and technology come to a huge human life revolution in recent decades. Fractal geometry, Fuzzy logic and artificial intelligence are some examples of this concept. Features of Islamic patterns are based on mathematical exact equations and Islamic artists used these arts five hundred years before discovering these principles in West. This is another reason to prove this theory that nature has been regarded as model and source of inspiration for engineers and artists of Islam world through having advanced mathematical patterns. Western scholars were led to do different categories in order to discover these mysteries. One of the original categories of pattern idea usage is in designing and covering the surfaces which was known as the islamic patterns. Many research has done in relation with various aspects of these patterns and how to use them. Roger Penrose, Peter, Paul Steihaurdt, Keite kritchlu, Gulru Nacipoglu, Emil Makovicky, Josha Socolar have research comprehensively. Some of this results are golden ratio, non-periodic and quasi-crystalline features of islamic tiling surfaces, types of symmetry, lack of repeatability, usage of pentagon patterns, Etc. So, recognition features of fractal geometry and Islamic decoration geometry is necessary for islamic country in keeping with the contemporary world. Research results demonstrate that these pattems have most of features of the Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries like Fractal geometry, including symmetry, rotation, proportion, centralism, self-similarity, micro-scale, decimal aspect and repetitiveness. Fractal geometry is the mathemathical expression of nature architecture and it could be as the core of design composition. It improves an architect to creat a new space and vast of internal motivation through different emotions by the various proportion of form in designing. Identifying Fractal features could be helpful in creating architectural complicated spaces such az fractal architecture and also creating spatal structure by using mathematic concepts.

Sleeping is just 30%-40% of all aspects in student's life. So it is better to use “residence hall” instead of “dormitory”, as we use in this article. There isn't any similar researches done on this topic in Iran and it is hoped that this could be a start for future researches so that architects pay enough attention before they design a place, especially places that are used by human for long hours of day like house of students. Each student lives 2-5 years in residence hall, and this is not a short time to tolerate crowding and poor quality of life. Almost all students are not satisfied with their residence halls.Territoriality has a basic role in quality of life of students in residence halls. This article studies territoriality in residence halls and the effect of architecture on supplying student's needs. Since density, crowding, personalization, privacy and territory have deep semantic relation; all these concepts are involved in this article. To limit the studies and do the research more accurate with functional meanings, Fatemieh dormitory, the main girls' dormitory of Tehran University has been chosen as a case study. It is one of the greatest and most important girls' residence halls in the Middle East. It has five similar blocks occupied by 2500 students. There are 452 northem or southem rooms and in each room four or five students live. Methods used in this research were questionnaire, interview and observation. The questionnaire was distributed among bachelor and master students and included multi optional and open ended questions to cover almost every opinions and comments student had in their minds. It should be noted that one of the authors had been living in Fatemieh's dormitory for three years and many conclusions has been achieved by her observations. We did the research in three different levels. These levels are defined as Small (room as a primary territory), Medium (secondary territory: group of rooms and its related places such as kitchen, lavatories, etc.) and Large (group of blocks organize a residence hall that includes public spaces such as shops, gym, library etc.). We focused on two first levels and eliminated the large level, because the substances we consider, are more obvious and Ascertainable in smaller levels and lose their significance in larger levels. In each 'level, we achieved practical results in designing students' residence, according to the existing situation and students' satisfaction rate in levels mentioned above and also analysis of similar foreign researches. Some bad factors in this case study were recognized that cause dissatisfaction among students:- Double loaded corridor;- Crowding;- Four-students room;- Public bathrooms; - Inappropriate arrangements of rooms and semipublic spaces;- Not segregated private and semiprivate territories; and- Unclear boundaries between residents of a room.It is neither difficult nor expensive to assign a suitable system for students' residence. It just needs environmental psychological knowledge for architects so that they make effort to design a place that. has more resemblance to strdent’s home.

To be livable is becoming a 21st century necessity for cities around the world. On the basis of this fact, there are different theories, principles and criteria about the livability of a city. Many definitions consider livability as an equal to the quality of life experienced by citizens. Some consider it as a complement of the urban sustainability. Others say that the resiliency should be considered along the livability. There are also definitions for the livable city. In the livable city both social and physical elements must collaborate for the well being and progress of the community, and of the individual persons as members of the community. A livable city must be built up, or restored, as a continuous network - from the central areas to the more distant settlements - where pedestrian paths and bicycle- paths bind together all the sites of social quality and of the community life. All the principles of a livable city can be recognized in 10 categories. Most of the theories of livability belong to the conditions of the cities of the westem part of the world. Now, it should be clear which factors may affect the livability and those principles and criteria. Moreover, the factors in all cities may be considered the same or not. This research introduces the most important livable city principles and criteria through the descriptive-analytic method. They are collected through a diagram due to the hierarchical essence of the livability. This diagram contains the first two levels of the principles. Then the more comprehensive principles are defined with the assistance of inductive and deductive category development analyses method. To achieve the goal of identifying the global principles of the livable city, a conceptual model of the urban livability consists of seven principles including social equity, vitality, participation, accessibility, compatible physical environment, identity and resiliency is suggested. Although this concept can be flexible, it can be a suitable model for creating an operational model of the urban livability. Therefore, in order to recognize a place for the local principles and how to obtain them, the most identifiable indicators categorize in three levels: the first level consists of global indicators such as historical identity, sense of belonging, active community, physical sustainability, and participation. The second one contains those which have not the same results in all cities around the world such as vitality, compatible physical environment, accessibility and social equity. In a process from the first level (itemized factors) to the second level (more comprehensive factors), the conceptual model would form and can be illustrated in a chart. However, to realize the local principles all the filters that form a level from the upper one should be considered and noticed. The process from the most famous global principle levels to the probable local factors is illustrated in the conclusion diagram. This model may pave the way to generate the third level that is the Iranian livable city pattern and its principles. Of course the third level preparation needs redefinition of the conceptual model members.

Naghsh Jahan Square in Isfahan city is an evolved pattern of Shah Squares in Safavid era. Such a pattern was not emerged at once and it has roots in the first (Tabriz) and second (Qazvin) capital cities of Safavid era. Time priority, anatomic changes and lack of field evidences in Shah squares of Tabriz and Qazvin, has concealed this evolution trend. Hence, knowing about Shah squares preceding Naghsh Jahan square, based on historical texts and documents and knowing their similarities and differences, allows us to find out the Shah Squares evolution trend. As the research method is historical-interpretive, findings obtained after carrying out comparative study on specifications of Shah Squares in capital cities of Safavid era can be explained through deduction and analysis of historical texts and documents.Specifications of main application and main access ways have shown a fix trend in Shah Squares of Safavid Capital Cities. Evolutional specifications are explained in details below. Shah Squares of Qazvin and Isfahan were primary in their design. The architectural elements of square borders which had been various in Shah Square of Tabriz and had been formed gradually became limited in Shah Squares of Qazvin and Isfahan in application and in number and were formed contemporary to the time the squares were formed. In the first (Tabriz) capital city, Shah square lacked side walls, the second (Qazvin) had side walls and the third (Isfahan) one not only had side walls, but also was built in two floors. The second floor was intended to be used for a special application. In Shah Squares of Qazvin and Isfahan, the geometrical ratio was 3 over one. Natural elements (water and plant system) were also included in the second (Qazvin) and third (Isfahan) capital cities. A contrastive comparison of the trend of Shah square specifications in each of Safavid capital cities, most of extracted specifications showed a fix or evolutional trend. Specifications of variable trend include the square names and the time of formation. Evidently, these specifications have varied based on time and place. However, there is another reason for the variable trend of dimensional specifications of Shah Squares. On one hand, following to construction of shah square in Tabriz, limitation was imposed on the lateral elements and on the other hand the time limitation in execution led to smaller dimensions in the primary design. Depending on the experience gained from construction of Shah square in Qazvin and having a sufficient time, Shah square of Isfahan was built in bigger dimensions and with a more complete design. Hence, the variable trend of specifications of shah square dimensions revealed to be evolutionary.Thus, justifying variable specifications, the whole specifications stated proved to be fix or evolutionary. The trend of changes conveys usage of previous experiences and reveals adaptation with conditions and developing them due to importance of Shah Square Model as a basis. In other words, a contrastive comparison of the trends shows that the evolutional trend has existed in Shah square model of Safavid capital cities.