HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:14|Papers Count:9

Nowadays cultural tourism is a social phenomenon and cities are considered as cultural scripts that are essential in creating cultural experiences and conveying people’s individual and group meaning. This present article aims to investigate the concept of urban culture through elaborating on a framework of its factors from an analytical view point. Almost all scholars has defined the resulting framework in such a way to include an integrated and symbolic combination of cultural physic, memorial buildings and the urban cultural inscription, social-cultural functions and interactions along with everyday life of city with a collection of physical and nonphysical symbols and thus an understanding of cultural values in the public realm. On the other hand, the individual’s quality experience of culture in the urban space which means his/her interaction with everyday urban life as well as an authentic cultural space affects those factors. Based on the conceptual definition of cultural tourism and the characteristics of cultural tourists’ experiences as defined by the scholars and in response to the hypothesis claiming that “urban culture does have factors which are, based on cultural tourists’ experiences, thought to be influential in attracting them”, the analytical model of the research is formed and implementing an analytical-comparative test on some universal exemplars tries to confirm the hypothesis. The test indicates that cultural tourists seek authentic experiences of integrated urban culture factors which are in turn affected by the urban space factors. On the other hand, what stands out in all these examples is a conceptual repetition of symbolic shared points among factors. Thus the factors of attracting cultural tourists are not symbolic in their shared points but are symbolic themselves and are actively involved in an integrated connection of attracting cultural tourists. Thus urban culture with physical and nonphysical factors is in public realm and in a collection of integrated symbolic connections where the space’s cultural audience reaches individual experiences and conclusions during cultural-social authentic interactions with them. The research hypothesis is confirmed and the results are presented as: the physical factor of urban culture is symbolically presented and 1. Historical- archaic physic; 2. Contemporary cultural physic related to urban culture; 3. Natural-entertainment physic can be based on the potentials of that space. The functional factor of urban culture includes symbolic entertainment, religious, and artistic activities, related to tourists’ historical-national subjects, mythical, scientific and technological, literary, ethnical-social and ethical-political subjects with the cultural or natural space and urban cultural activities and with visitors and the local people in the form of fixed or temporary spaces. As well, in contact with authentic experiences of urban culture physical and functional factors, the cultural tourist finally reaches conclusions and finally differing symbolic entertainment, religious, artistic, historical-national, mythical, scientific-technological, literary, ethnical-social and ethical-political meanings which all stem in the culture of that space. So cultural tourist experiences the mentioned symbolic factors during authentic experiences in the symbolic, public realm, where the integrated and symbolic combination of these factors linked to authentic experiences of cultural tourists would be influential in attracting them.

Public spaces, by creating the possibility of participation, group presence and interaction space have a major role in strengthening social and cultural aspects of cities.In urban projects which are prepared for the small and middle cities in Iran, not be noticed to public spaces.However, on these cities, friendship and family relations is a valuable and robust, and need to participate in city and urban spaces, for leisure time, has less; but the fact is, the existence of such spaces in the old towns, has played an important role and has specific functions.The old Bazars of cities were the most public social and functional axis that has had an important role in public space function. The purpose of this article is quality criteria survey of the Bazars in traditional cities with emphasizing on "Bazar Qeisarye Lar" (because of the valuable history and unique beauty and maintain its status in the "Lar old city") and solutions presentation to improve the quality of these place as public space.This research method is descriptive – analytical by using of survey observations and interpretations in the form of 50 questions and a sheet. Based on the standard questionnaire of PPS (Project for Public Space, http://www.pps.org), four measures of public spaces quality (Comfort and Image, Access and Linkage, Activity and Uses, Sociability) is a considered. The results of a questionnaire and their allocation to each component, has been made by using the "bipolar interval scale method". Options to each question is rated from 1 to 9, then gathering up the score of different options from each question , the overall score for each question is calculated.The score of each component is calculated from combined the score of relevant questions. Thus results show that Comfort and Image, Access and, Activity and Sociability are 704, 623, 512, 240 points.Because of history, evocative, sustainability and Bazars symbolic status that have important role in nationalistic nts, the Comfort and Image component having the highest point.Loss of the pedestrian and cars crossing around the Bazar in Access component, and single functioning of the Bazar and a weak connection with adjacent spaces in Activity component, reduces the scores of these components.In the past, Bazar with multiple gateways and connect with the other social spaces, including the "Sara" and "Public centers", and especially, "mosques", as a single unit, causing the Bazar to play a significant role in Sociability component. Today, because of breaking this connections, the value of this component is greatly reduced.Interior Bazar in "Charsuq", the place was a pause and social exchange that lost its importance today.On the other hand, business class Bazar, as the most popular group of the city, always had a role in city government and adding to the public participation, which has lost its status now. Finally, strengths and weaknesses reasons for each component is analyzed based on the physical condition of the "Bazar" and it has led to strategies the quality of space improving.

The contemporary architecture of Iran hasn’t changed based on a pre-designated trend. There have been influential factors in the development of the contemporary architecture of Iran such as: The imposed war and the destructive economic and structural effects, the rebuilding of the war affected areas after the war, organizing architectural competitions and presenting architecture awards, qualitative and quantitative developments in architecture education, increase in the general understanding of the latest world experience in the eyes of both the public and the professionals. From all the above-mentioned factors, The Islamic Revolution is considered as a significant turning point in these changes that can transform the form of the architecture. Therefore studying on the architectural works of the three forthcoming decades after the Islamic Revolution, this article introduces three main trends and the form developments process in contemporary architecture of Iran for cultural buildings.The thirty years after the Revolution have been divided into three decades for the great events that have occurred. By analyzing the some cultural buildings results throughout the three decades, the works built during the first decade after the Islamic Revolution, affected the society conditions and the post modernism developments in the west world, were based on “traditional patterns” approach in plans and elevations designing and also used material. Although it’s obviously visible to copy the traditional forms in architectural designing. The works of the second decade tended to use the Iranian traditional patterns beside the west and global patterns equally. For the modeling of the traditional pattern, there had been two main and separate trends. The first trend adheres the apparent form of the architecture like the first decade’s work such as National Library of Iran by Pirraaz consulting engineers. But the second emphasizes the spiritualist and conceptual architecture such as National Library of Iran by Naghsh-e-Jahan Pars consulting engineers. For the globalization of the architectural form, we can refer to the works inspiration of various post modernism architectural styles for example conferences center of Toseye Saderat Bank by Mehdi Alizadeh and Dezful cultural center by Farhad Ahmadi.The third decade’s works were designed and constructed based on the globalization approach by the new generation of architects had inspired the up dated west schools more after The Islamic Revolution. Soas the time passed, the contemporary architecture of Iran in the form designing, has changed from the form similarity to the Iranian Traditional Architecture to the form similarity to the west architecture and therefore has become more globalized. That means apparent similarity to the traditional architecture has faded gradually and accommodated spiritualist and conceptual architecture and conformed the modern global architecture.Recognition of these developments can be useful in architecture education particularly in M.A. and Ph.D. courses in universities, in addition to documentation of the contemporary architecture of Iran. On the other hands it will establish the comprehensive and regular view to the architecture and alter the architectural activities to one part of the contemporary architecture history with the public identity for people of the country too.

The subjective steps of creativity process i.e. "insight", "preparation", "incubation", "intuition", and "verification" based on Wallace Model was proposed after defining creation; They were discussed and suggested that these steps cannot be taught. But the objective steps of creativity process i.e. "combination", "mutation", "analogy", "first principle" (Another creative design method with similar potential has been added to the list, which is widely accepted, is a useful objective model of creative design) and "emergence" in a form of an instructional and designing practice were studied. The mutation, in which a novel concept emerges- perhaps quite suddenly- as a potential design solution, is widely regarded as a characteristic feature of creative design. This paper is based on an example of a Mutation which occurred during a recorded study of the activity of a small design team. The characteristics and context of this Mutation are reconstructed from the recorded material. It is concluded that the perceptual act underlying creative insight in design is more akin to bridging than leaping the gap between problem and solution. Creative design as mutation involves modifying the form of some particular features, of an existing design. Mutation procedure involves recognizing the existing constructive features and modifying them afterwards. In this practice, mutation includes recognition of inefficiency of the last form of fabric cupola which is provided by the student's adding glass at the ceiling. This is an important step in the formation of ideas.In this practice, learning is examined at three steps: Active learning is the first which is a quick glance at the obligations that are mainly acquired through examination of the samples of Iranian architecture and demonstration of photos. The second is "Passive learning" in which the student progresses through making Knowledge Bridge with the professor and is often guided through discussion and asking questions. The third step is "Reflective" in which the novice offers his mental recognitions and implicit findings for the evaluation of the results of his work and improvement of his skills.The novice should get engaged in imitation in order to reflect the behavioral feedback of the instructor. The instructors should also observe the reflective behavior of the novice. They must observe reflectively and improve or add to their instruction until they make sure that the novice's behavior is convergent. The difference between the skill of a novice and that of an expert is "a gap to be bridged by an intelligent effort". This paper is not attempting to devalue the experience of working with a master, only to refocus where its value lies. The important point concerning learning is one of access to practice as resource for learning, rather than instruction. And this access to practice needs to include more than just access to master teacher. Involvement in a participatory support and critique in the practice is necessary to enable students to evaluate and improve the quality of their work, Through the whole paper, problem solving area is considered more significant in which the student is mostly discovering than innovating.

The population increase trend and activities in urban areas has caused in the increase in building density and also building masses density. Construction and formation of the residential and activity areas need proper land but because the land area is fixed this has caused a continuous limitation. Considering this matter in the economical market of land, like other materials land also is placed in the current demand exposure and its value and price increases as the demand increases .In this research it is tried to study the effect of land price as a variable on the construction trend in region 5 of district 1 of Tehran and also land price difference caused by the topography situations, land form, texture and density of buildings are critically studied while applying multi variable economical model.The land price change trend in district 1 had fluctuations during these years and was not monotonous. These changes except for the year 1998 have been and upward trend and the price of the land in this district has been increased. The average annual increase has been calculated as 21.9% which shows a relative difference of 6% in the price change trend and for the city of Tehran.The land's share as of the major components involved in the construction section can be inferred from the share of land's price in average price of construction expenses in each square meter. In reality the components which determine the function situations of the land value and building can end in demolition trend. When the function of the building value drops in relation to the value of land this is the point that demolition is justified economically. There are two elements, 1.decrease in the value of building and 2.increase in the value of land, which will cause in the demolition, renovation and application change of the building and land.The fluctuations in land price as an index of economy shows that simultaneously with the increase of land construction area license, the prices increases but with decrease in land construction license, land price do not decrease. From another point considering the synthetic plans in a ten year period in two regions of Kashanak and Sahebgharanieh it is inferred that as the price of land increases, ultimately the urban area land application change increases.Considering the above mentioned study, the following suggestions are put forward:- Codification and approval of a set of regulations for urban area land exchanges towards urban area land price stabilization- Creation of land Bank under supervision of urban area management organization- The revenue of the Tehran municipality under study was not stable so during the year 2000 the revenue rate wasless than 10% from the share of renovation and duties and more than 70% from surplus of density in 2 regions and this crooked trend should not continue- Encouragement of the investors in the fields of non-residential constructions to work on construction of profitable service activities- Guidance and control of floating densities toward proper areas

Royal City was the most important anatomic-structural development of a city as Qazvin which was the second capital city of Safavid dynasty. Qazvin has old record for its collective residential place in Iran plateau. So date of forming Qazvin has been evaluated in Saasanid era. The process of development in this city from the beginning to Safavid era caused by organic development of city, specially with selection of Qazvin as capital, has been achieved from this decision changed basically in all city. According development of Safavid Era, Qazvin is base of new evolution in Iranian urban development process. Such this development became pattern for development of the third capital city in Safavid era. Design and construction of Royal City began in 951 lunar hegira by the order of Shah Tahmasbl and it was completed in 965 lunar hegira. This research aims on recreating Royal City based on historical evidences. The research method is interpretive-historical. The plan has been drawn after analyzing historical evidences. Khiaban (Street), Shah Square, palaces and gardens are major elements in Royal City and have been recreated after analyzing. The recreation is focused on the place where royal city was located during the reign of Safavid dynasty. Generally, northwards and eastwards, this area is limited to residential neighborhoods, southwards it is limited to Atigh Mosque and Pre-Safavid neighborhoods and westwards it is next to the newly established safavid bazaar along the ancient bazaar.In this research, the outstanding architectural elements of Royal city are studies with regard to two main categories:first category includes investigation of Safavid related elements of Royal city which still exist and have been identified wrongly and are herein introduced correctly. Some of these include Kolah Farangi building resided by Shah Tahmasb l, now called Chehelsotoun palace. Another finding resulted from this category is that no Shah square existed along the axis of the street, neither along eastern-western axis nor along northern-southern axis. Hence, Khiaban (Street) to which this article refers, is a route extended from Atigh Mosque to Aalighapou (great gate).The second category includes Safavid-related elements of Royal city, now vanished. Here, the main Chehelsotoun palace is introduced and is located and retrieved in an approximate way according to historical documents and texts. The point where the roofed great pool was located has also been shown in the plan. The old forum building that precedes the new one has also been shown. There was also a building called dove tower next to Chehelsotoun palace and was possibly used as a place to see the sceneries around. Shah square is located near bazaar, far from royal palaces. The square was located in a north-south direction, based on a three to one ratio, with Jahan Nama buildings surrounding it. Finally, the recreated plan of Safavid Royal city is presented as an urban plan. To allow the research extended lines and the retrieved elements are shown with dotted lines.

The work of architecture is believed to depend on the governing thought in the process of architectural designing.This thought can be analyzed, developed, experienced, and interpreted. Creativity is the only domineering force in the idea of designing which is in quest for freeing architecture from the routine methods, and also finding the novel systems to answer the questions in architecture. Therefore, a special fixed and stable place is considered for creativity.As many believe, the process of designing is so complicated, mysterious, and enigmatic .The process of architectural designing has a structure which is consisted of different steps and its quality and final output depends on designer's content knowledge and creative utilization of that in the format of creative contemplation. The key of creative thinking is the power of creative concepts, which can be classified in that level of designing by the degree of certainty of designer's mind, will have special role. Visionary drawings or Imaginary sketches as one of these categories, in spite of playing a key role in understanding the nature, quality and quiddity of design since they cannot be interpreted by others, are generally ignored by critics and theorists of design process. Also, in the field of architectural teaching, these students ' imaginary sketches are underestimated by architecture professors since they cannot be judged by design principles. While they are suitable means for development of architects ' creativity.These outputs and drawings realize some kind of passage from imagination the visualization in the form of intimate connection.This article seeks to answer what is The nature, status and effect of these works is in the process of architectural design and how it can promote the quality of design ideas and architectural works.the concentration upon visionary drawings is through using manual tools of designing to indicate and analyze the ideas without limitations and to increase the quality of the creative ideas and correct the possible faults of making decisions about designs.the visionary drawings can also be viewed as personal interests of signs .but the theme of symptomatology in visionary drawings is to take advantage of signs to transfer the concepts between the creation and the creator itself. The signs of children are also the result of their attempt in using the symbols as a replacement of the phenomenon. Suchlike the visionary drawings can be similar to children paintings while their art imagination is formed. With this difference that past is in the children paintings and the future is in the visionary drawings.Analyzing and giving recognition to visionary drawings in architecture masters opinion can be a sufficient opportunity to resist theoretical inmost and clear the concerns and the qualitative criteria of design ideas can be prepared for students. We can assume the use of these drawings during the designing trend as innovative tests of architectures. In other words , although these drawings are not creative symbolism of ideas but they are bridges between ideas of designing and the final design.

Spatial strategic planning systems have become the subject of mush comparative research in recent years. This has resulted in very general classification, while a definition of the subject of the comparison remaining vague.Any attempt at comparative evaluation has proved therefore to be difficult and controversial, impending further theoretical and institutional progress. Against this backdrop, the present contribution is aimed as an effort toward examination the practical experience of using structural strategic approach in Iran’s urban planning. Therefore coincident new master plan in Iran (case study: Comprehensive plan of Mashhad) with specifications of strategic nd structure plan approach have done based on the supposed necessity of using Strategic Structure plan in Iran.To determine the adaptation Mashhad’s Master Plan with specifications of structural strategic plan, the features from the current literature of urban planning in Iran are extracted as the first step, 10 traits are detected, which are then divided into numerous sub criteria (211 sub criteria are distinguished). Since the sub criteria are of different importance and value, the AHP method is used to determine their significances. The adaptation of Mashhad’s master plan with the sub criteria is conducted with two different methods. In the first way, searching about identified indicators in the Mashhad comprehensive plan reports is done with content analysis method. And the second way is doing questionnaire and interview with those who had involved in the process of preparation and enactment of Mashhad master plan .In other words, supervision and control is carried out through questionnaire, asking about the adaptation of Master Plan in the main criteria, results confirm the achievements. The result indicated that the comprehensive plan in Iran is not in line with the specifications of the structure plan with strategic approach. There are a significant difference between the practical structural strategic plan and the theoretical literatures. Although 3 of 10 founded traits have had similarity, but non-compliance of 7 specifications is a significant subject. The importance of this issue will be clearer when we remember that the structural strategic plan have been proposed as an appropriate model instead of traditional urban planning in Iran. This paper attempts to investigate problems in using structural strategic approach in Iran. Attention to local and native conditions is suggested, in addition to identifying the limitations in using this approach in Iran. We should remember that what was happened in the world as structural and strategic models, are the result of fundamental changes in urban planning process in those countries. This verify necessary to provide new basis for the realization of structural strategic approach in Iran.This article results state that any reformative action in the urban planning approach require fundamental reforms in the procedural and substantive aspects of urban planning basis. Iran's planning model should be developed in according to valuable experiences of past five decades. And so this pattern should be review and modification constantly. With this thinking, recent developments in applying structural strategic approach can be accepted as positive step in Iran urban planning approach.