HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2009 | Volume:3 | Issue:4|Papers Count:13

Transportation has always been one of the most significant aspects on the urban structure. particularly since the last century after introduction of motor vehicles and population increase, transportation is turned to one of the most critical struggles in the contemporary urban life. Also, theoretical approaches to intercity transportation had diverse course of action in different periods.The purpose of this research is to study the course of development theories that are related to the intercity transportation through documentary research. based on existing similarities, different theories have been classified in three periods; from beginning of urbanization until 1910, 1920 to 1970 and after 1980. In the first period, the main theories on development of transportation networks are focused on, in the second, the relation between walking and riding movements and developing of motor vehicles roads is paid attention to, while in the last period, transit oriented development and sustainable transportation are investigated.The results demonstrate that; the main changed attitude is emerged from automobile oriented transportation towards transit networks and developing of the adjacent districts in the last century, and at present the emphasis is on the effect of transportation on quality increase of urban areas and developing pedestrian oriented spaces.

Paying attention to the critical situation, which has been happened in Contemporary cities, specially in Iran and the necessity of having a good explanation of this situation for pass it away, are the reasons that this discourse attempt to present a description about the "City Nature" based on " City Existence " and also trys to find the indexes and criteria of this definition in order to survey the city nature situation in this time, epecially in our country Iran.Searching  about the meaning of nature in philosophy texts and comparing this with what we have about city nature in Urbanism needs to use deductive and addactive methods and a complex method for finding indexes and criteria, in order to make it a functional method for survaying the situation, and making correct descisions.At the end this research found:1- The Meaning of the city nature by using one of the Hideger's methods, in philosophy and comparing it with the urbanism definitions and methods.2-  Presenting the indexes and criteria of this definition by using three important headlines:2-1. The elements of the city2-2. Specifications of being in connection with the city as a tool2-3. Human friendly criteria

There is a well known relationship between architectural form and structure in Persian, Gothic and vernacular architecture in general. But contemporary evolutions in architecture had made this relationship lead to new aspects, which in turn, can be utilized as a method in designing more stunning, firm buildings. In this essay various examples are examined to distinguish this method and the relationship. Without doubt, architectural space is intertwined with city image and expresses visual characteristics. A designer should be able to understand structure and its characters in order to utilize them in his design process. Thus 1-forming of an architectural space is simultaneous with its structure 2- semantics and symbolism so that structural form will serve as an underlying format for architectural splendor sought through design. This method depicts a nouvelle form of sculpture that is the delight and utility achieved through creativity in structural design, architectural form and construction technique.Structure can made architecture as an important role of aesthetics in a new way in texture of contemporary cities and improve the quality of visional life in cities. At first we have to recreat and explore the methods which can prove it. So we can design architecture with new strucuture.

In sustainable development process, native evaluation of limit of thermal comfort with the goal of energy conservation is necessary in different climates.  Because with determination of these limits, energy loss is declined considerably and causes to decline of unsuitable energy consuming. With respect to, more than 60 percent of Iran area is located in arid and ultra arid climate and therefore recognition of limit of thermal comfort in this climate has multiplied importance.For calculation of limit of thermal comfort, Yazd city was considered with arid and cold climate as the case study in this research. The limits of thermal comfort were reformed on the basis of the latitude of the study area. Then the limits of thermal comfort were calculated for warm and cold terms of the year according to the climatic data and field observation and on the basis of corrected diagram of Olgyay.The obtained results show that thermal limit was assessed for summer condition 21.8o-27o and for winter condition 20.4o-23o and also optimum limit of relative humidity was assessed 18% -53%.The proposed thermal and humidity limits, maintains proper internal conditions, reduces energy unsuitable consumption during of years  

Space is production of architecture.It could be changed after creation in future life. Description of space will be changed by perception an experience of consumers. So user, designer or biulder. Significant levels are the same.Reasearchs' focus is on gender,space and relationship between them and architecture. Gender as a social factor has directly related with culture.It is different of sex. Women and men as user of spaces have differences in their sex, gender and gender rols.Sometimes space exactly public space for a part of user (women) is not sutibale Because there hasn't been attention to gender."Gendered space" as a problem,will be appeared when we forget gender differences, so some users (women) have to leave space, and a general space convert to specific.Research argue spaces in three way are being gendered:1- by planning2- by design process3- by occupation and future using.Research try to answer this question,"Is there any related between consentration on gender and quality of space?Eventually we argue,if architects do not consider on gender and needs that depends on gender rols,space will has low quality and part of users leave there, so "gendered space" will be appeared.

The term of greenway is used for the paths that maintain the environmental integrity of an urban infrastructure; on the other meaning greenways represent a new linear and inter-connected form of urban park or they are urban  green infrastructure , According to this fact that urbanization and increasing population like other countries have made challenges between urban development and environment, social benefits and individual benefits, spatial necessity and mental-cultural value, Therefore, greenway projects implementation mitigate these challenges and on the other hand they promote sense of well-being, conservation of habitats, ecological, scenic, recreational and educational quality. This study is in two sections, the first part, by document research method (using thesis, books and related websites) traces first the origin of greenway planning back to early landscape architecture during the second half of the 19th century. Then it highlights the evolution of greenway and universal activity in the field of planning and design over the 20th century. The second part of this paper with use of context analyzing (published guidance for greenway planning and design in Europe and US and urban spaces design guidance and urban ways design criteria in Iran) declares primary steps for creation of greenway network in Iran.

New approaches on informal settlements show that there is a reduction in technical and physical aspects as well as increase in environmental, social and human aspects , Gradually and impressed from theoretical perspectives such as enabling and revision on the governments' role in providing housing and services. On this basis, settlements by low-income people is built regarded as a part of the capital city society which must be proceeded to manage and regularize such settlements via participatory planning with emphasis on their participation to understand priorities and practices.Although it has been talked about participation so much in Urban Planning literature and Informal settlements plans; but effective solutions for building motivation of public involvement in process of preparation and implementation of plans are yet ambiguous and insufficient. As a result, most of developing countries are not able to apply participation in their plans; and as a consequence, physical and intellectual capitals are thrown away.This research struggles to identify the obstacles of citizens’ participation in Squatter Settlements upgrading Plans upon psycho-sociological theories and assess suitable solutions in framework of these theories. It is expected that using effective tools for participation motivation building, makes involvement of residents in improvement their settlement possible.

In the last three decades, throughout the scientific domain, effective efforts have been done in order to generalize the spread information of the modern information system. Most of the thinkers and pioneer universities aim to separate the sciences from the epistemological isolation. Since different sciences are mostly involved in their own relations rather than the reception of the realities, most of the partisans of the traditional and modern municipal services, discuss about this phenomena as an ancient institutional wisdom. Beyond these two variable analyses, there are also different points of views which consider this phenomenon neither as a retrograde route nor a passive and null path. Based on the recent intellectual, philosophic and scientific revolutions, urbanism has confronted with fundamental reforms. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Iranian culture in the skeletal embodiment, Isfahan-Safavid-(1535-1778) and the key role of cultural components in urban body formation. Urbanist language of Isfahan old city- Naghsh e Jahan- like any other art language has a great role in transferring the cultural messages of its epoch. Certainly, the objective of this study is learning from the past for future and not idealization of a passed period.

This research wish answer this question: what is social, political, economical, and cultural background caused evaluation of Iranian urban spaces from Ilkhanid until Safavid and formation of Isfahan Urbanism School? Method of this research is interpretational-historical method and based on librarian data. For the answer question of research, cities of Iran that have urbanism works in this era are selected. These cities include Tabriz, Soltanie, Samarkand, Herat, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Yazd, Kerman, Qazvin, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Then urbanism evaluations, alterations and changes of these cities are survey and compare by social, cultural, political and economical evaluations from Ilkhanid until Safavid era. These evaluations from Ilkhanid era prepared appearance urban evaluations; completion old urban spaces and formation of new town besides old city and new urban spaces and elements (include governmental square, boulevard, garden-palace complex, Sufism religious complex). Establishment of Safavid Empire, especially shah Abbas's works prepared Isfahan Urbanism School. Therefore urban elements that formed in previous era completed and then prepared to combine them and to form Isfahan Urban School in Safavid era. Too, commercial complex or religious complex (related to canonical Shiism) in Isfahan School was becomes the core of city in lieu of Sufism religious complex in pervious era.

This paper aims to discuss Iranian public squares (meydan), their origins, evolution and current demise.It initially demonstrate that the meydan emerge as a pre-determined and necessary public space, meydan, has started as any other similar public spaces in other historical cities of the world. Shaping the same socio-economic raison-d'etre as similar urban spaces in other parts of the world. Thus, it has been a place for not only public gatherings and commerce, but also a focal point and a place for manifestation of power, both religious and political, as has been customary throghout the world. Based on a set of chronological categories,(termed as classical/pre-modern), transitional, modern and post modern periods), issues related to design, form and function are compared and contrasted. Particular attention is paid to the underlying forces and ideas that have shaped urban relations, as well as the functions and processes of the spatial formation of these public focal points.The aim is to demonstrate  that despite their historical and architectural significance, Iranian meydan have failed to evolve and response to the overall development of Iranian urban life. To make meydan of today properly functional, to re- estabilsh their urban role and free them from their current confusion and lack of definition, they urgently need to be re-evaluated and redefined.