HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2018 | Volume:12 | Issue:33 |Papers Count:9

Nature can be an interesting source of human inspiration for design and inventions. Man has been always related to the nature in different levels. Bionic Architecture is a new trend in contemporary world that benefits from sustainable nature`s solutions for human problems. There are two main methods of bio inspired design, First: Bottom-Up or solution based method, Second: Top-Down or problem based method. The authors used Top-Down or problem based method to find the article`s main question: How to design a sustainable self-growing and self-compacting structure which is cheap and uses minimum material. First there was problem of construction with minimum material usage and ecosystem damage, then human bone as an inspiring source was focused on, and abstracted form modeled by 3D printers can lead this basic prototype to industrial mass production. This article aims to find a solution for problem of over extracting materials from environment which is a factor of unsustainability in architecture and construction industry. It tries to discover the pattern of how structures optimize their material usage to build their selves. Natural structures extract needed materials from their context gradually, an example of these structures in nature is human bone that have balance between strength, weigh and material distribution. How to simulate this semi prefabricated, self-compacting and intelligent structure able to self-healing and self-destroying itself in essential parts and gradually extract material from its context environment grows and completes itself is the result of this article. The process of simulation from natural model to industrial sample is discussed in the main text. The process contains these steps: Discovering bone structure, Abstracting bone pattern, Simulating bone growth, and providing sediment phase. Bone structure can be simulated into two different ways. One of them is using random points as basic matrix and the other one is Voronoi pattern. Both of these methods can be modeled by Grasshopper plugin and Rhino software. After modeling abstracted Trabecular pattern as basic matrix, it can be made by 3D printers which use cheap and abundant material like sand. The basic sand matrix is put into over salinized water to become more and more compacted by time duration and salt sediments. The Piezoelectric property of the bone cells could be ignited by external forces is the basic cause of calcium ions absorption from bloodstream and calcium precipitation on bone matrix. Bone grows up according to the direction of the external force vectors. Simulation of this dynamic process in a smart structure that builds and destroys and repairs itself is proposed to use Quarts sensors which has the same piezoelectric feature and can simulate the behavior of bone calcium precipitation by making heat from the forces that have to bear and making heat as reaction. The material for process of structure growth is salt (sea salt). As the water of Persian Gulf or Lake Urmia is facing over salinization crisis, extracting salt from these over salty water and returning less salty water to its source can supply environmental sustainability of this kind of construction method.

Temporary landscapes are temporary covers for permanent landscapes that, although they remain for a short time, their effects on the perception of people from the environment and making meaning, are more resistant. Considering that temporary landscape as a new subject with wide dimensions as a specialty has been addressed in very limited cases in some researches and designs, its features, as they should, are not known and not used. Researches in this regard seem to have not been significantly and strategically focused on this subject. Therefore, in this essay, it has been attempted in a fundamental theoretical form to use a logical reasoning method to explain the temporary landscape mechanism by using a descriptive-analytic method using documents and texts, and also considering this category as a new topics, effects of temporary landscapes on social behaviour and social interactions of citizens have been investigated. The results of the research show that the relationship between man and his environment is interactive. The public spaces of the city as an environment in which the story of collective life is narrated is an area which, through the, physical aspects and predicted and unpredictable events, reveals a perspective that, through the presence of man and his activities, this interaction is a human interaction with the urban environment and interaction with others. Urban space becomes perceptible quality to citizens in a landscaped way. If this quality is performed at short intervals and temporarily, in addition to the permanent physical aspects and landscapes, it contains temporary elements that create a temporary landscape. Due to the change in the permanent landscapes of the city, temporary landscapes make space in the form of variable perspectives and make some kind of spatial contrast. According to the case studies, temporary landscapes in the form of an event provide special temporary facilities for citizens to confront new landscapes and experiences. Consequently, these points can be concluded: The temporary landscape, by creating a new experience from the landscape as a stimulus, leads to conscious and unconscious social actions. Citizens are attracted to the activities and presence of others and this is a process that strengthens itself. Through the experience and the presence in common, while interacting with familiar individuals, individuals are encouraged to interact with strangers and the way in which temporary elements are placed will reinforce this social action. Through collective experience and presence, a kind of landscape emerges where citizens are both actors and spectators that form collective memories. The unique quality of each of the temporary landscapes and the special spatial contrast that causes different perceptions of the environment increases the sense of belonging. Eventually, this urban display will increase social interaction and turn citizens into active citizenship as an issue that many architects, planners and planners consider. Although temporary landscapes are initially unrelated to professional design, it can be considered by architects, planners and urban planners as a new idea and a different solution to improve the quality of the social environment of citizens, to be more effective.

Formation of heritage conservation NGOs has a long background in many developed countries. Many developing countries have also begun to establish these types of NGOs. This research aims to evaluate the role of these NGOs in heritage conservation in Iran and France. For this study, five NGOs were selected from each of the aforementioned two countries. The data were collected through an open questionnaire, and were analyzed qualitatively. The results reveal that the conditions governing each country have a decisive role in performance and degree of success of heritage NGOs. In France, heritage is among priorities of the country and its conservation has become an obvious matter. But in Iran, heritage conservation is not taken as part of priorities of the state. Moreover, considering the long history of formation of NGOs they are known and accepted by the society. This is while Iranian NGOs are still to make much effort to stabilize their positions. There is much similarity among the objectives and activities of the NGOs in two countries. However, in Iran, many NGOs have focused on propagative, cultural or educational activities because of the numerous impediments and the difficulty involved in the engagement of NGOs with the main issue which is heritage conservation. In Iran, heritage conservation is not taken as part of priorities of the state. What is more, the historical areas of the towns in Iran suffer from such problems as unavailability of public services, unemployment, socioeconomic problems, shortage of recreational facilities, etc. With the aforementioned problems, heritage conservation is neither a concern of the residents nor a concern of urban management system and other public foundations. Therefore, NGOs may not receive sufficient support to realize their objectives. Hence, they shift to the activities for which they may receive financial support and acceptance. While heritage conservation is in itself a requirement in France, the NGOs confine their activities to this, French NGOs have clear aims and clear scope of intervention. This results in maintenance of their objectives to a great extent. A further important point is the degree of heritage awareness among citizens. The facts observed in France indicate that the people are interested in their heritage and consider its conservation as a necessity. But in Iran it seems that the interest in heritage and awareness of this subject is limited to certain social groups. The movement of NGOs was started with much delay in Iran. However, their number in the country is indicative of an intention for heritage conservation and it reveals that heritage has now become a concern of part of the society. The actions taken by the NGOs can be taken as a good beginning in the presence of the overcoming conditions and impediments. Formally, they are much similar to French NGOs and they have even established a coordinating foundation in the same way as French associations do. It appears that the NGOs shall experience considerable achievements in case they are able to make the issue of heritage a public concern of the society through propagative actions.

It is necessary for urban planning, urban design and architecture of every society to have meanings derived from their ideology and culture. The purpose of this paper is to draw planners and architects’ attention to Iranian-Islamic valuable texts to produce science in the field of urban planning and architecture. The new theory of urban development, especially imported from western countries with a different ideology and culture, should be filtered and purificated before entering Iran by means of Iranian-Islamic valuable texts. For this reason, we have selected the book “ The One Hundred Fields” or “ Sad Meydan” , written by Khaje Abdullah Ansari (1006-1088 A. D), which is an Iranian book about Islamic mysticism. The book of "Sad Meydan" involves one hundred “ Meydan” or fields to help man be perfect, and this essay is intended to help him by the means of principles for city design and planning. This subject is justificated by the interaction between the environment and culture and that famous sentence that says: “ we shape our cities; thereafter they shape us” . The method used in this article is as follows: first we search for the meaning of a moral or mysthical field and then we explain how it is related to a same subject in the city. This article also uses the adjectives that are strengthening and weakening to every field or Meydan for more understanding. Also it utilizes the expressions and manifestations in the past and present Iranian city. As the citizen's journey to God has a start point called “ current situation” , an appropriate plan or design for the Iranian cities toward the best situation should begin from a point, considering the current situation of the city. “ Current situation” in the contemporary Iranian cities is the alienation and sense of inferiority against the West. “ Tobe or repentance” in “ The Sad Meydan” is the first stage which could be also a first step to deal with “ identity crisis” and return to the concepts, principles and values of an Iranian-Islamic city. The strengthening of “ Tobe or Repentance Meydan” is “ Enabat Meydan” , “ Yaghazat Meydan” and “ Tabattol Meydan” , all of which are solutions in dealing with the “ alienation” in Iranian cities today. Following this field, ninety-nine other fields (Meydan) are to help man raise to perfection. But this paper has investigated just nine of them. They include the following: the “ Morovvat Meydan” to mean “ equality” and “ justice” , “ Tajrid Meidan” meaning “ simplification” and “ avoidance of idleness” , “ Zekr Meydan” in the meaning of reminder or repeat to the “ rhythm” , “ Haya Meydan” meaning “ privacy” and realm, “ Tohid Meydan” to mean “ centralization” and “ important of empty spaces” , “ Elm Meydan” meaning “ Knowledge” , “ Hayat Meydan” to mean having “ spirit” and “ meaning” in the city are attributed to the ideal city. Finally, human and the city in “ Bagha Meydan” meaning immortality, reach perfection. The tendency to “ Bagha” or to be immortal is an innate human feeling. As a conclusion to the study, the hundred fields (or steps) of making cities appropriate for human life, can be categorized in fifteen groups.

With admittance of urban reformist movements in planning field which requires in involving the social values adjusting, planning got an active role in society and the prespective which suppose planning as a social process, has growed and developed. The Advocacy planning is a climax that begins by grow of urban reformist movements and operates by depending on claiming rights of social deprived groups in urban planning and as a lawyer have heard the voice and demands of these groups to decision makers and place them in priorety. The speed and extent of developments in science caused the creation of a comprehensive belief in the field of rationality that was considered as a basic of concept of a scientific planning to control development. A method that based on logical reasoning knew that logical positivism is the basic of planning and accepted planning to be free of values like othere sciences. Planning needs to have the ability to play a role as a government, groups and organization advocates or people who have suggestions for the future of the society in order to administer practical ways to achieve an idea future. This duty needs a collective decision making and participations of defferent groups in planning The goal of this article is to compare the practical and theoretical expriences of advocacy planning approaches and its themes of practice in Iran, United states and United Kingdom by using the comparative research method, comparing the prepared plans in the framework of community development plans of these countries by considering the developed criteria. These approches have emerged till the 1960s in both United states and United Kingdom and till 1380s in Iran in the different policies and strategies frameworks and operationlised in their own ways. This comparision admitted that the fundamental thought of advocacy planning in each country is based on institutional context, bedrock of urban problems and the role of involved actors in planning process such as planners, form the specific actions and prescribed policies. The first stage of paper explains the advocacy planning theory theory and compares it with the rational-cmprehensive approach, and studies its appearing themes and discusses the necessity of the thought of polarism in advocacy planning. The last stege is exploring the criticisms on the advocacy planning approach. The second stage is the study of the practice of advocacy planning, in the United States, and the reasons of the appearance of it in the United Statesis being tracked the programs based on the community development and their features are introduced. The Third stage is the study of the appearance of the advocacy planning in the United Kingdom and the reasons of the consideration of the aid planning in the planning and the social development programs of the United Kingdom, is explained. In the fourth stage studies, the thermes of the practice of advocacy planning approach in Iran and tracks its mechanism. And the last stage compares the mechanism and practices of the advocacy planning approaches explained in the last three stages.

The qualities of public spaces enhance their role in accommodating various social groups. Some of these spaces attract the public, while some other are more suitable for the exclusive use of specific social groups. An ideal public space is an area where citizenship rights are respected and is applicable to all age and social groups. These kind of spaces in residential complexes should provide a circumstance where not only indirect but also direct interactions can take place between various social groups. Importance of outdoor public spaces lies in providing a place for social interaction, comfort, connection with nature, and leisure activities. Therefore, enhancing these places leads to the presence of all age, gender and social groups and equipping these spaces with a variety of functions, building an attractive and meaningful urban life and creating livelier environments results in enhancing the quality of life for users of public spaces. One of the key concerns of architectural designers has always been the attention that must be paid to the suitability of physical spaces, given the human needs and behavioral patterns of all gender, age and social groups as well as the flexibility for the presence and activity of these groups. Hence, despite various studies previously carried out on public spaces and the elderly, this paper addresses the role of physical dimensions of public spaces in shaping the individual and social needs of the elderly, emphasizing the role of the physical-semantic elements of public spaces in relation to the needs and perceptual meaning of the elderly. This study aims to recognize the influence of physical components that are shaping the meaning of place for the elderly; having in mind the roles that physical dimensions can play in forming individual and social spaces in human environments. The method of this research is qualitative and based on Interpretative-Analytical Strategy, along with observation and interviewing tools (closed and open) and the correlation analysis of data. The results show that the physical and semantic qualities of space have been effective in accommodating the older age groups; and of the above-mentioned components, environmental comfort (The need to pay attention to the environmental qualities in terms of material and the type of construction, and-to avoid environmental stress such as noise and interference of riders and pedestrians) and safety/space security (Necessity of controlling the groups in the space, attention to the social similarity of residents, active but indirect supervision through the design of windows overlooking the open spaces and proper lighting at night and removing applications which absorb nonresidents) have the greatest effect and climate has the least effect on accommodating the elderly in public spaces of residential complexes. Among the semantic components examined, the legibility component (Physical design considering the simple and feasible recognition of access paths) has the most and familiarity component (repeated landscape and use of familiar elements) has the least effect in shaping the meaning of place for the elderly. The results of this study should be used a guideline for architects to design high quality human environment spaces.

Evaluation in art and architecture are more difficult than other majors and fields. Grading System of architectural design projects based on exact criteria could be the most important educational goal. There are problems in evaluation system due to a lack of common terminology, and etc. So need for developing a method for common criteria scale for project assessment decisions has arisen. Distinction effective criteria in evaluation of architectural design projects and to determine their impact are main issues in this research. So, criteria including effective quality in all aspects of design process and design product were selected in two groups: design process and design product. Criteria for judging design process includes knowledge of design, design skills and advancing the design. As well as evaluation criteria related to design product, includes design preparations, elements of design and design documentation. DEMATEL is a comprehensive tool for building and analyzing a structural model involving causal relationships between complex factors. DEMATEL has been used to research on and solve a group of complicated and intertwined problems. The methodology, according to the concrete characteristics of objective affairs, can confirm the interdependence among the variables/attributes, and restrict the relationship reflecting the characteristic with an essential system and development trend. This study aims to utilize DEMATEL in the evaluation model of architectural design projects. The DEMATEL process can be summarized by the following steps: Calculate the average matrix, calculate the direct influence matrix, and compute the total relation matrix. After selecting the criteria, each of these criteria in terms of importance, should be given appropriate weight. For this purpose, the number of teachers have been asked to score the criteria between 0 and 10 points. After reviewing the questionnaire of DEMATEL technique and the importance of criteria Matrix, criteria weights were obtained. Total relation matrix shows the impact of each criteria and rank their importance in evaluating design projects. In order to separate the effectiveness of criteria in design process and design product, DEMATEL process was again used for each group separately. The results of this process includes determinate criteria effectiveness and ranking of the design process and design product. After summarizing weight of design product and design process evaluation criteria, their impact can be calculated separately. Comparing results of two DEMATEL process parts shows little difference in criteria effectiveness and ranking. In addition, in results of total relation matrix for all criteria "inquiring mind in study to design course" has highest and "adherence to a specific design process" has the least impact; in results of total relation matrix for criteria of design process, "inquiring mind in study to design course" has highest and "adherence to a specific design process" has least impact; in results of total relation matrix for criteria of design product, "project documents quality and principles of drawing" has highest and "regarding the studies and physical planning" has least impact. The results of ranking six groups of criteria indicate that design knowledge and design preparations have the most and the least effect on the final evaluation of projects, respectively.

The theory developed in the field of architecture and urbanism and how to implement it, are problems which the experts in this field challenges. Failure of various schools in the epistemology of the complexity of the relationships between the components of the architecture and at the same time they interact with science began. However, the understanding of complex issues, tools and techniques appropriate to their needs and with any methodology cant know the truth. Atomism attitude-is a natural philosophy that developed in several ancient traditions. The atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental principles: atom and void. Unlike their modern scientific namesake in atomic theory, philosophical atoms come in an infinite variety of shapes and sizes, each indestructible, immutable and surrounded by a void where they collide with the others or hook together forming a cluster. Clusters of different shapes, arrangements, and positions give rise to the various macroscopic substances in the world as any doctrine that explains complex phenomena in terms of aggregates of fixed particles or units. This philosophy has found its most successful application in natural science: according to the atomistic view, the material universe is composed of minute particles, which are considered to be relatively simple and immutable and too small to be visible. The multiplicity of visible forms in nature, then, is based upon differences in these particles and in their configurations; hence, any observable changes must be reduced to changes in these configurations-to works, always inefficient theory proposed in this area that has led to a recognition o f the relationships between science with the architecture to be able to identity and proper function. This research is trying to define system approach as a holistic and interdisciplinary approach by analytical method-is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/ intricate whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning and The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Alternatively, and usually in the context of complex social systems, the term is used to describe the set of rules that govern structure and/or behavior-And its role is to explain various aspects of architecture and urbanism through with this paradigm to minimize the Division in the body of epistemology. The introduction of the system architecture of the building to expand it and what transcendence or annihilation architecture and urban planning system is essential to the overall goals of this research is considered which is the process of understanding how those things which may be regarded as systems influence one another within a complete entity, or larger system. In nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems in which various elements such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish. In organizations, systems consist of people, structures, and processes that work together to make an organization "healthy" or "unhealthy".