Journal of Plant Production Research
Year:2015 | Volume:21 | Issue:4|Papers Count:17

This study was conducted in two separate experiments in 2011-2013 in seeds and plant improvement institute. In the first experiment, status of scions growth and resistance to spring late frost and content of proline were investigated in 10 almond genotypes and cultivars, grafted on GF677 rootstock included Touno, Non Pariel, Shokofeh, Sahand, Mamayi, Shahrood 12, A200, 1-25, 1-16 and 13-40 with 10 replications as a completely randomized design. In the second experiment, status their growth in two month period were evaluated as a completely randomized design, with two factors time and genotypes factors and with 10 replications. Result showed that scions growth rate of cultivar shokofeh was more than other genotypes in each two years. Scion height of cultivar shokofeh in first and second years was 54.15 and 53.48 centimeter, respectively. Also, the least scion height belongs to cultivar mamayi and genotype 1-25 in each two year. Although beginning of leaf production in cultivar shokofeh was later than mamayi and shahrood 12, but rate damage of spring late frost in this cultivar were more than other genotypes. Genotype 13-40 showed the most resistance to spring late frost and had the most content prolin (29.75 m mol/ gr fresh weight). Effect of scion type on growth traits of GF677 rootstock showed that genotype type had not effect on increases of rootstock height and diameter in soil surface.

An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the density and dry weight of weeds and seed and oil yield of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) as a medicinal plant that affected by cover crops, at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2008-2009. Treatments were included four cover crops white clover (Trifolium repens L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and control (without cover crop). Traits of study were included relative density, density and dry weight of weeds at five sampling stages and seed and oil yield of castor bean. The results showed that the lowest relative densities were observed in common knotgrass (0-1.75%), purslane and pigweed (5.88-23.80%), purslane (1.43-23.80%), redroot amaranth (5.88-27.77%) and field bind weed (5.55-26.66%) at the first to fifth sampling stages, respectively. The effect of cover crops was significant (p£0.05) on density and dry weight of weeds at the different sampling stages and seed and oil yield of castor bean. The minimum and maximum total densities of weeds were achieved in hairy vetch and control with 378.67 and 1021.39 plants. m-2, respectively. The highest seed and oil yield of castor bean were recorded in hairy vetch with 475.94 and 182.75 kg. ha-1, respectively. In overall, results showed that cover crops can be planted as an ecological approach to considered weed management and improvement quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants such as castor bean.

Cantaloupe is a common crop and relatively important in Iran which show high genetic diversity. The objective of this study was the investigation of interrelationships among different traits in Iranian cantaloupe cultivars and comparison of different cantaloupe genotypes based on different traits using biplot method. Forty nine genotypes including seven Iranian endemic cantaloupes Rishbaba, Shahabadi, Samsori, Dastjerdi, Magasi, Tiltorogh and Savei and their direct and reciprocal crosses were evaluated during two years using triple lattice design. Results indicated the positive and significant correlations between yield and yield components in both of years. Three traits including fruit weight, flesh thickness and fruit width indicated positive and significant correlation with yield among of traits. The ranks of the genotypes relative to yield were indicated the differences between genotypes in two years. The genotypes ranks according to total soluble solids and early maturity indicated that Magasi × Savei (G57) cross and Dastjerdi (G4) parent were the most superior genotype in two years; so Magasi × Savei (G44) cross and Dastjerdi (G4) parent can be considered for the production of cultivars with high sugar and early mature cultivars, respectively. Results also showed that the yield were independent from total soluble solids and early maturity so in cantaloupe breeding programs we can individually modified yield trait in breeding projects. The two traits, total soluble solids and early maturity had the negative correlation with each other; so these traits could be considered simultaneously for breeding.

Consumption of organic manures such as vermicompost and spent mushroom compost in a system based on organic agriculture beside to maintenance soil health improvement and yield of medicinal plant spearmint. Therefore, an completely randomized design experiment with four replications on spearmint (Mentha spicata L) was conducted in horticultural department of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. Experimental treatments including different rate (control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) of cow manure vermicompost and washed and unwashed spent mushroom compost (SMC). The base medium (control treatment) was a mixture of 75% from cultivated farm soil and 25% of sand. Results revealed that replacement of vermicompost and spent mushroom compost in growth medium had significant effect on all vegetable such as fresh and dry weight, height, chlorophyll content and area surface of leaves and macro element of areal sections of spearmint. The highest value for vegetative growth detected in 30% and 40% washed spent mushroom compost and 10% vermicompost. As increase in substitution of organic fertilizer in medium of plant, nutrient content of spearmint increased. Substitution of vermicompost and spent mushroom compost improved uptake of nutrient by plant roots and increased of percent and yield of essential oil in spearmint in comparison with control.

Natural citrus biotypes are a valuable genetic resource in the country. Investigation about diversity of biochemical compounds due to optimize the utilization and development of new varieties is useful. Therefore, for identifying them, the fruits of 16 biotypes with numbers of 6, 8, 15, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 41, 43, 45, 48, 51, 52 and 53 in the germplasm collection of the Iran Citrus Research Institute were harvested at stage of ripening in commercial citrus varieties. Changes of color peel, antioxidant capacity, total phenol and vitamin C were investigated in both peel and pulp. Results showed that antioxidant capacity and vitamin C in peel were higher than the pulp and peel of biotypes 24 and 29 had highest (132 mg/ 100g FW) vitamin C. The content of total phenol in the pulp was higher than the peel and total phenol in pulp of biotype 25 was higher (1.25 mg/g FW) than other of biotypes. The antioxidant capacity of peel and pulp of fruits had weak correlation with vitamin C and total phenol. Besides fruit pulp with high total phenol, the peels are also a good source of vitamin C and can be used for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important diseases of potato in the world and Iran, especially in Golestan province. 16 models have introduced for forecasting the disease in the world, sofar. In order to developing a forecasting model, wether and disease occurrence data during the recent 10 years were used.then, 22 variables were built using daily temperature, relative humidity and percipitation data during March 20 to April 19. Study of these variables using logistic regression and discriminant analysis showed that four variables nTRH10, nTRHPR10, nRH10 and nTRHP20 were strongly ralated with occurrence of disease. Four forecasting models were developed for prediction of disease occurrence, based on these variables. Variable nTRH10 had the most strong relation with disease occurrence, and its mean values were 45 and 118.75 in years without and with disease, respectively. Prediction accuracy of the final model was 100%.

The Jatropha curcas L., a plant belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, has great economic and medicinally value. There is high amount of oil in seeds of this plant. The seed oil content varies from 4 to 40%, which is used in biodiesel, candle, varnish and lubrication production. Because of low germination ability of seed, propagation of Jatropha curcas via seed is not usual. At this time, plant tissue culture provide an alternative approach to the plants which are difficult to propagate, or has a long propagation period. The purpose of this study was to optimize Jatropha curcas tissue culture for callus formation and propagation. All experiments were performed in complete randomized design with nine replications. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormones (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 mg/L) were investigated on callus formation of leaf, petiole and stem explants in MS medium. Also combination of different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 mg/L) and indol-3- butyric acid (IBA) (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 mg/L) was investigated on shoot induction in node explants. In the next step, obtained shoot were grown on MS medium containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L of IBA to induce root formation. The results showed that the combination of BA and IBA is more effective for callus formation. The highest percentage of callus formation was observed at 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IBA in stem explants. The results showed that the highest percentage of shoot induction was observed at 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.25 mg/L IBA in node explants. Also, maximum regenerated root was observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1 mg/L of IBA treatment. Finally, the obtained plants were transferred into soil medium. The shoot bud induction along with callus formation was observed in petiole explants (64%) at 1.5 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L IBA and Leaf explants (56%) at 3 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IBA hormones.

The present research designed to evaluate effect of SA and MeJA elicitation on accumulation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and PAL enzyme activity in artichoke. Result showed that, when elicitors applied to cell culture, phenol and flavonoids significantly increased and an increase in PAL activation was observed. Application of MeJA at 100mM and SA at 200 mM had most effectiveness on production of phenyl propanoides compounds. The maximum production of measured secondary metabolites was observed in samples in which were treated with 50 mM SA + 50 mM MeJA as well as 100 mM SA + 50 mM MeJA. A positive correlation between PAL enzyme activity and phenolic compounds accumulation leads PAL may be the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in artichoke. Based on the obtained results in which indicated that PAL as the first and most important enzyme in poly phenolic compounds production, influenced by executed treatments. Optimization the elicitor concentrations could lead to desirable secondary metabolite production of artichoke in in-vitro conditions.

One of the problems in growing olive trees is pollen-incompatibility. This study was conducted in Gorgan climatic condition to determine of self-incompatibility in olive cv Koroneiki and to select the suitable pollenizers for this purpose. Randomized complete blocks design with three replications (trees) and six treatments including open pollination, self pollination, Mission, Conservalia, Sevilana and Valanolia were used. To study the effect of flower emasculation in such studies, another experiment was conducted after emasculating the flowers before blooming. The results showed that Koroneiki was self-incompatible. It was incompatible with Valanolia and partially compatible or compatible with Mission, Conservalia and Sevilana. The study also showed that emasculating the flower did not have any effect on the obtained results and is not necessary in such experiments. The study of quantitative traits showed that there was a considerable variation among the cultivars. The study of quantitative traits showed that there was a considerable variation among the olive cultivars.

It is important to identify the genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships for achieving desirable citrus cultivars. In present study RAPD markers were used to determine genetic diversity among 29 citrus genotypes. From 19 used primers, 248 polymorphic bands were amplified. Primers OPA-07 and OPA-05 (with 19 and 8 amplified bands), produced maximum and minimum polymorphic bands, respectively. The average number of polymorphic bands was estimated as 13 for each primer. Similarity among samples was calculated using NTsys software and Jaccard coefficient. Rang of similarity was 0.14-0.97 based on polymorphic bands with average of 0.62. Cluster analysis has been done based on Jaccard's similarity matrix and the UPGMA method. Cluster analysis has divided citrus genotypes into five separate groups. According to the similarity matrix results, the lowest similarity (0.14) was belonged to local mandarin and Pommelo and the highest similarity (0.97) was belonged to unknown natural types G74 and G73. In current research, Pommelo and mandarin confirmed as true species of citrus in distinct cluster. Determination of genetic diversity in citrus provides useful information for breeding programs, selection and improving cultivars.

This research was conducted to study morphological and evaluation of genetic diversity in 15 grape cultivars from collections of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Research Center of Khorasan Razavi based on completely randomized design with four replications. Results showed extensive range of variations among cultivars and measured traits. In some key traits of tests for distinctness uniformity and stability descriptor including density of prostrate hairs between main veins on lower side of blade, density of erect hairs on main veins on lower side of blade and blistering of upper side of blade in mature leaf, anthocyanin coloration of main veins on upper side of blade surface, density of prostrate hairs on the shoot tip in young shoot and color of upper side of blade in young leaf, showed highest diversity coefficient, that is more diversity among studied grape cultivars. The results of correlation coefficients showed that positive and significant correlation had among some important traits in cultivars breakdown and distinctness. The cluster analysis was done based on all measured traits with ward method, finally in distance 5, the cultivars were classified to four groups. The cultivar of Keshmeshi bidaneh Ghochan located in separate group, and in among some cultivars of other groups were rather high similarity. Results showed that high diversity of key traits and in terms of uniformity and stability were able to breakdown and distinctness cultivars. Therefore to reason of cultivars evaluation in similar qualification, may have selection based on studied traits.

To investigate the genetic variation induced and selection of genotypes with desirable traits, seeds of three varieties of rapeseed included Sarigol (PF), RGS003 and Zarfam were treated with different doses of gamma ray 500, 700 and 900 Gy. To confirm the stability of the induced genetic traits, 66 mutant lines from M4 generation were studied in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Twenty-two selected lines of M5 generation were evaluated of traits such as height, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliqua, mean siliqua length, seed 1000 weight and yield. The results of analysis variance showed that there are significant differences among the lines in all the traits studied. The highest coefficient of variation was obtained for the number of siliqua per branch (29.57 percent). Mean comparison of experiment lines with control showed that siliqua length. 1000 weight seed and yield were significantly higher than the control varieties in Zar-16 and Zar-20 mutant lines. Because of these lines had not different in control varieties, these were considered as superior lines.

In order to evaluate of biological fertilizers and micronutrient elements effects on yield and some agronomic traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), an experiment was performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Research Station of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2012-13. In this experiment, micronutrient elements were in six levels: (control, sulphat (2 and 4 ml.lit-1), iron sulphat (2 and 4 ml.lit-1) and combination of zinc and iron fertilizers (2ml.lit-1)) and biological fertilizers in three levels: (non-inoculation, seed inoculation with Thiobacillus with sulphur and Nitrocara + Thiobacillus bacteria with sulfur. The results showed that the combined use of Thiobacillus and Nitrocara 9 to 32% compared to non use of biological fertilizer and also concurrent spraying of zinc and iron were between 15 to 50 improved the studied traits. But, concurrent use of bio-fertilizers and micro nutrients, increased positive affect of the studied traits such as weight of pod, grain weight in a pod, biomass yield, grain per pod and grain yield. The value of 4 (ml.lit-1) iron and zinc had a greater impact on the studied traits. In general biological fertilizers can be suitable alternative to chemical fertilizer and increase the yield of rapeseed too.