TARIKH WA TAMADDUN-I ISLAMI
Year:2009 | Volume:5 | Issue:9|Papers Count:7

The story of the annexation of Ziy͞ad b. Ubaydto Abii Sufyan is well known in the history of Islam. Probably this fame, more than its illegitimacy, is due to the fame of Ziy͞ad himself as one of four Arab sagacious men, and as one of three effective figures who assisted Mu͞awiya in strengthening the basis of Umawid Caliphate. Ziy͞ad's desire to be a Caliph, which was not accomplished, was only pledged to the acceptance of the annexation and relation to Mu͞awiya. After the recognition of annexation, he knew himself as Mu͞awiya's brother and a competitor of his crown prince, and craved for Caliphate. Therefore he didn't contribute in Yaz͞id's crown prince-ship and the hereditary of Caliphate. Though the annexation cost too much for Muslim society of Iraq, and disgraced Ziy͞ad himself, but made him and Mu͞awiya, even more than him, successful to achieve their desires. This paper is to investigate motivations and consequences of this subject from a historical point of view. (F.S.)

Khwarazm-Shahs (491-618 A.H.) who were of Turkish ongm, established a state in Khwarazm during Se1juk's declination and fragmentation. This dynasty, regarding their adoption of a theological and religious policy to protect Shiites and Mu'tazi1ites, created a historical opportunity and an appropriate background for the development of their doctrines in Khwarazm, and particularly their infiltration of Khwarazm-Shahs' power system, administrative positions and chancellor establishments. Examining Khwarazm-Shahs' political intentions, this article is to recognize the role of the kings of this dynasty in creating necessary backgrounds for the development of intellectual courses, and also their special attention to Mu'tazilits' beliefs and their protection of Shiites and Alawids against Abbasids. (F.S.).

The establishment of Safavid dynasty as an independent Shiite dynasty in Islamic history resulted in a vast argument about complying with it among political and dominions. Since the dynasty was controlled by superb scholars from the beginning, there was controversy among jurists on the subject. The advent of Akhb͞ari movement drew scholars' attention of Iran & Iraq and made it popular among them. If the idea comes true that this movement was a reaction to misapplication of ͞Ulam͞a to strengthen the government, then the Akhb͞ari would be against the government.While the history shows that despite their opposition with governmental scholars, they deprived them of their position and took their place in complying with the government. This article deals with scholar's viewpoint on contribution with government and on the ideas and functions of Akhb͞ari and scholars. (R.H.)

After annihilation of Umawid dynasty, non-Muslim residents of Khur͞as͞an started to express their dissatisfaction in the form of political and religious movements and revolts such as: Beh Afarid, Sunb͞az, etc. These revolts reflected the economic and social requests, as well as religious motivations and mentality of non-Muslim residents in Khur͞as͞an. This article reviews these revolts and in addition discusses the mentality of non-Muslims during first centuries of Islam, through a reinterpretation of aforementioned period. (R.H.)

The importance of brief-writing as one of the major types of writing can be tracked down through its history and validity among Islamic intellectuals. This research evaluates Muslims' interest to brief-writing and its advantages as well as its deficiencies. It also discusses the rulers' decrees for some works being abstracted and the writers' efforts to abstract their own works for the fear of doing by others who were non-professional. The lack of unity over abstracting methods and the interference of intellectual and religious modes in eradication the subject are viewed in this research, as well as the interfering brief writing which might cause waste or over-indulging of writers. (R.H.)

In the early 16 century Sultan Muhammad, the Shibanid Khan (d.1510), captured Samarkand, capital of the Timurids, and established Shibanids dynasty. His Timurid rival Babur (d.1530) had already abandoned Central Asia in order to found the Mongol Empire in India. The present article intends to study Shaibani-Mughal relations in 15-17th centuries.The findings of this study, demonstrates that despite earlier hostilities, the ruling econo-politcal realities in the region, especially the existence of powerful Safavid Iran on the one hand, on the other need Mongol and Shibanids to develop-their commercial ties, force them to revise their former hostilities and to establish good relations. The common Islamic culture and civilization paved the way for the ties for important ofrelations. (M.K.)

The Russian attack on Iran in Qajar Period at the beginning of the 19th century occurred, at a time when Iran faced numerous problems in its internal affairs ignorant of global changes, this unfortunate event had a positive consequence, in that Fath Ali Shah and his court's men became aware of Iran's weakness in military equipments and science. This in turn was an intensive development for reform in the educational system of Iran. This article investigates the most important actions taken in this regard which provides the background for this reform. (R.H.)