TARIKH WA TAMADDUN-I ISLAMI
Year:2009 | Volume:4 | Issue:8|Papers Count:8

Developing Islamic propagation, Prophet's hegira from Mecca to Medina caused more corruption in Muslims' relations with opponents, and tens of minor and major battles between them. The first major battle which was followed by a series of next battles was Badr expedition. Since this battle commenced with Muslims' intention to attack on kuraysh trade caravan, Prophet is accused of starting battles and using offensive politics against his enemies. Examining backgrounds of happening of Badr expedition, this article is to prove or disprove this accusation.

Propagation system was organized in the form of promotionaleducational institutions like Madjālis al-Hikma, Djāmi’-al-Azharand Dar al-'ilm. Though, these institutions were not so successful in their mission. Consideration of this failure could be important in the" explanation of Fatimids' weakness in establishing Ismaili sect in Egypt. Complicated Ismai'li beliefs and its hierarchical system which made difficulties in people's conversion to it, and uncoordinated promotional activities of al-Azhar and Dār al-'ilm, are of the causes of this failure.

Establishment of Fatimid state in the south of Mediterranean Sea led them show great diligence in strengthening marine force, manufacturing ships and supplying marine equipments, in order to develop their power in the sea's arena. They, also, establish a ministry to manage marine force affairs. This article considers different aspects ofFatimids' marine force.

During Ilkhanid era (656-736 A.H.), religious changes in Iran was followed by a relative development of Shiite thought in comparison to the past. Several researches have arisen out of this historical phenomenon; some relate it to "Mongols' religious toleration". Reexamining Ilkhanids' politics against different religions and sects, and presenting a clear view of religious status of this era, this article is to consider truth or falsity of the aforementioned idea.

In Islamic Andalusia, Mozarebs (or Arab speaking Christians), targeting Islamic theology, began to write Arabic controversial treatises against Islam. This newly formed controversial literature had a great effect on the process of the translation of Islamic theological books, particularly Latin translation of Qudin, and also on the tradition of rebuttal writing in the Western Europe. This article is a survey of the process of formation of the controversial literature in Andalusia and its different effects.

Nuktawīs were of active dissident groups began a movement in Safawid era which challenged the govemmew. Examining Nuktawī thoughts becomes more important when- one considers their complicated philosophical system which millenarianism is one of its most important teachings. This article aims to shed light on this Nuktawī doctorine.

Qajarid era was simultaneous with huge social and cultural changes in Iran, including the teaching of exact sciences in modem schools rather than traditional seminaries; we encounter a religious scholar, who was expert in both fields of rational and traditional sciences, called MĪrzā Abū Turāb NatanzĪ. In a treatise entitled Dar Ma'rifati Watar-i Thulth-i kaws-i Ma'lūma al-Watar (on the knowledge of the chord of one-third of an arc with a known chord), he presented a novel numerical method for trisecting an angle. This article is to survey MĪrzā Abū Turāb's biography and works, and introduce his treatise and method.