Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine
Year:2002 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (SN 24)|Papers Count:14

n this study for determination the efficacy of needle aspiration which is done both prospectively and retrospectively, two independent pathologists studied blindly the cytologic smear of F.N.A of 75 female patients with breast mass (the mean ages were 50.5 years). All patients who referred to Kerman Hospitals during 1998-2000 had experienced lumpectomy or mastectomy and concomitant surgical slides were also reviewed by the same pathologists for definite diagnosis. The agreement of two pathologists in the study of F.N.A slides were more than 90 percent. The sensitivity and specificity of F.N.A to detect malignancy in breast masses were 91 and 78 percent respectively in this study. We suggest that F.N.A of female breast mass can be a very sensitive and specific procedure in determining their biological behaviors.

The studies show that there is some embryonic malformation in maternal diabetic rats. This malformation may be manifestation in other embryonic organs such as skeletal cardiovascular or centeral nervus system. In this study the effects of the maternal hyperglicemia on the processes of embryonic evolution, during rat's pregnancy were investigated.For this aim the beta cells of pancreas of 7 virgin albino rats were chemically destroyed by an injection of 160 mg/Kg alloxan and the same manner control group was recived physiological serum. The hyperglicemic rats were then mated and at 14th gestational day's, all of the pregnant rats anesthetized, sacrificed and their fetuses were collected and fixed in 10% formalin solution. After fixation, all of the fetuses were examined by using the stereomicroscope.Comparing the experimental with the control group, showed a numerical decrease in experimental group. In addition, the length of Crown-Rump (CR) were decreased significantly in experimental fetuses (p<0.001). The rate of the many malformation such as defect in eyes, ears and craniofacial defect and exencephaly were shown in experimental kinds.These results suggest that the maternal diabetic may cause some of fetal malformations during pregnancy.

Accident and crashes are major causes of mortality in today's society. In approximately one half of the cases of death are following trauma and head injuries. In cure and recovery of patients, the elapsed time from the accident till the arrival of the patient and the start of medical procedures has a significant role. This survey has been conducted in order to determine the average elapsed time in relation to head injury patients from the time of the accident until arrival at the Mobasher Kashani hospital of Hamadan and beginning of diagnostic and therapeutic treatment. This descriptive research project was conducted from the twenty fourth of June until the twenty second of August in the year 2000. All of the information for this survey was obtained from the patients, their companions, emergency room personnel and study of admission forms. One hundred and forty head trauma patients were assayed. Results showed that the average transportation time obtained in non referral patients was 101.2±92.3 minutes, and in referral patients it was 221±105.1 minutes. The average for all one hundred and forty patients was 139±98.7 minutes. The average time from arrival till the start of thrapeutic action was 76.8±61.1 minutes, and until performance of the brain CT scan was 150±120.1 minutes. The most prevalence causes of transportation delays were the long distances to be traveled and non availability of appropriate vehicles for transportation. The predominant cause of CT scan delay was delay to send the patient by the medical staff. The average transportation time of head injury victims in our area, especially patients that were referred from distant town, is much longer than world standards. In order to reduce this time we must have the cooperation of the emergency vehicle personnel, the police department and the ministry of roads and transportation.

Any type of hearing loss can create imperfect development of educational skills in primary school children. In this descriptive study different types of hearing loss in 22152 six years old preschool children of Hamadan province were screened by means of history taking from their parents, otoscopic examination and audiometric test batteries (including P.T.A., S.D.S, S.R.T, and I.A).Overall, 307 children(1.38%) with hearing loss were found that 196 cases (63.8%) of them had conductive hearing loss (C.H.L.) , 108 cases (35.2%) had sensorineural hearing loss (S.N.H.L.) and 3 cases (0.97%) had mixed hearing loss. The causes of C.H.L. in decreasing order of frequency were otitis media with effusion, tympanic membrane perforation otorrhea , widespread tympanosclerosis and ossicular chain fixation and congenital aural atresia. The causes of S.N.H.L. in decreasing order of frequency were unknown ethiology, ototoxic drug consumption, and involvement with infectious diseases by children or their mothers during pregnancy, head injury and neonatal hyperbillirubinemia.The results indicated that officials should pay more attention to diagnosis , fallow up and treatment of inflammatory middle ear diseases, because they are the most frequent cause of hearing loss in preschool children.

The content of the histamine in most mammalian tissues is very low. Thus, presentation a simple and sensitive method to assay the histamine content in crude extracts tissues is required.In this work, we presented a simple method for the measurement of the histamine. 2 mg of rat brains was homogenized in 5 ml of 0.5 M HClO4 .The homogenates were centrifuged (3000'g, 3 min) and supernatants were adjusted to pH 5 with 0.4 M HCl. Then the precipitate was removed by centrifugation (3000'g, 5 min) , and the supernatants were put into a micro centrifuge filter tube ( exclusion molecular weight 10000,Millipor ) and centrifuged at 3000 'g, for 5 min and supernatants was put into a tube .The histamine was measured spectrophotometrically using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzen sulfonate, at 420 nm. One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme which will produce 1 micro mole of the histamine per min at 25°C. The results presented in this work indicated that the highest content of histamine level and histidine decarboxylase were in hypothalamus.The results obtained here clearly showed that this method is simple, sensitive, reliable and could be applied to assay histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity in the brain.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. It is related to thymus gland and thymectomy is preferred in treatment of MG. The aim of this study was to evaluate results of thymectomy during 4 years after operation.Twenty-five patients, who underwent thymectomy , followed for 4 years. We excluded 6 patients because they didn't come back for evaluation. 10 cases of the patients, were male and 9 cases were female. Their age range was between 4 to 55 years and 15 cases were under 30 years old. Preoperative Osserman classification showed 17 cases were in stage II and 2 cases were ocular type and were resistant to medical therapy in stage I. In result of thymus pathology, 13 cases was reported hyperplasia and 3 cases had normal thymus, 2 cases with thymoma and one of them had lipoma in thymus. Two patients were involved myasthenic crisis, but in general 17 cases of patients showed improvement.This study showed the high efficacy of thymectomy in treatment of MG; but it is essential to perform longer study in this field.

Toxic metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg, in trace amounts, enter the human body through food products. One of the main sources is the corrosion of the metal made apparatus, which are used in the process of food production. Tomato paste with an average pH value of 4.6 capable of containing such elements. The effect of metallic apparatus on the concentration of toxic metals in tomato paste was evaluated. For this purpose 50 samples of tomato, 25 samples of tomato juices and 61 samples of tomato pastes were collected , and digested with nitric acid. Cadmium and chromium were determined, using atomic absorption (AA), lead (Pb) were determined using diphenylcarbazid and spectrophotometer. Mercury (Hg) was determined using cold vapor AA. Statistical method, ANOVA and Dunken tests were used for data analysis. The percent of recovery of the methods were also determined.The results of the study indicated that the recovery of the methods were over than 93 percent, using the spiked samples of 1 and 5 PPM of the metals. The results of the study also showed that the concentration of the Cd, Cr, and Pb were below the standard level in home made tomato paste samples. The concentration of Hg in all samples was below the standard level and the detection limit of the instrument used. The study also revealed that absence of Hg in all samples could be because of the lack of this element in the percent impurity of the apparatus used. Statistical analysis showed the significant differences between the methods of preparation of tomato paste which confirm the role of non- standard apparatus in increasing the concentration of toxic elements in tomato paste.

Lip and oral mucosal lesion is observed in many of hereditary and acquired diseases. This study is a survey of frequency, clinical and pathological aspects in patients who suffer from lip and mucosal lesion, referred to department of dermatology of Sina Hospital in Hamadan between 1991-1998.In this retrospective - cross sectional study, the information was collected through patients file and then analysis of the information was done by EPI6 software.Out of the 4288 biopsy cases, 199 cases (4.6%) were affected with labial and oral mucosal lesion. Of these, 128 cases (64.3%) had lip lesion, 71 cases (30.7%) had oral mucosal lesions and 10 cases (5%) had both. In patients with labial lesions, 100 cases (72.5%) were male; however the incidence of oral mucosal was the same for both sexes. The common age for lip and oral mucosal lesions was the seventh and fourth decade respectively. Housewives, farmers and student were the most involved professional groups. The common sites of lesions were lower lip, buccal mucosa and dorsum of the tongue .The most frequent clinical presentation for lip ,lesions were cyst and plague and for oral lesions were plague, erosion and papule .In 188 patients (94.5%) there was a correspondence between clinical and histological diagnosis.The most common lesion in this study was squamous cell carcinoma. The other lesions in order of frequency were:actinic, mucosal, oral lichenplanus, oral wart, leukoplakia, pyogenic granuloma and oral pemphigus.

At the present time, there is not a main sewerage and sewage treatment plant in Tehran but some small sewage treatment plants were built in this city. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the stabilization condition and reuse of the disposal sludge in some of these treatment plants.This research completed on four sewage treatment plants consisting of Shoush, Ghytareyh, Ekbatan and Sahebghraneyh over ten months (October 1996 to July 1997). The general condition and operation of these plants were considered and also indexes of sludge stabilization and reuse including VS/TS ratio, pH, flotation, color, odor, coliform and fical coliform were determined.The average ratios of VS/TS in disposal sludge of sewage treatment plants; Shoush, Ghytareyh, Ekbatan and Sahebghraneyh were estimated and been 69.25%, 70%, 71% and 70.25% respectively. The average of pH values in disposal sludge of sewage treatment plants; Shoush, Ghytareyh, Ekbatan and Sahebghraneyh were determined and they were 6.48, 6.93, 6.68, 6.65 respectively. Also the average fical coliform density in disposal sludge of sewage treatment plants; Shoush, Ghytareyh, Ekbatan and Sahebghraneyh were estimated and they were 2.61´106, 2.68´105, 7.5´105, 1.2´107 per gram respectively.The results of this research showed that the disposal sludge from these plants were raw and destabilized. The microbial quality of the disposal sludge was evaluated and results showed that maximum was in class B of USEPA category. Therefore, at the best condition the disposal sludge may be used for the reconditioning the poor soil or forest areas, but never be used as a fertilizer for the agriculture. If these types of sludge are used as a fertilizer, so microbial quality of these must be improved up to class A of USEPA category with additional stabilization process.

Ultrasound imaging is one of the common methods in medical diagnostic systems. There are many artifacts in a two dimensional image. Three dimensional imaging can be used for better interpretation and perception of an image. Since 1969 many attempts have been made in this regards, and research continues all over the world. The main goal in our research was to create three - dimensional images using conventional 2-D ultrasound systems.To obtain three dimensional data for construction of 3-D images, a conventional sonography with linear array transducer was used. The 2-D images of an aluminum cylinder, fiber glass sphere, human hand, sheep kidney, human kidney, and carotid were taken. Using a scanner with three degree of freedom, the images locations were determined. In one of three directions, the transducer translations movement was performed. Using a stepping motor the scanner movements were achieved. High level language programming 'C' were written to control the scanner. Each image slice was obtained with 1mm slice thickness step. Using appropriate image processing techniques such as filtering and interpolation, image reconstruction was performed from obtained 2-D images. These image processing were done using MATLAB software. After reconstruction images in other dimensions, the images were studied from two aspects. At the first step the size of reconstructed images compared with the main object. For one dimension of an object 12.5mm, average of images was 12.629 mm. There was not significant difference between them. In next step, images were compared with the main objects regard their appearances. For objects such as fiber glass sphere, aluminum cylinder, because of the artifacts, reconstructed images were not exactly like main objects. But for human hand, sheep kidney, and carotid , there was proper accommodation between images and main objects. For human kidney, the obtained images were not clear. In vitro, reconstruction of images for objects which are equal with the organs like sheep kidney and human hand was done. In vivo for carotid vessel there was accommodation between carotid and its images. For human kidney was not done.

Patients with subacute or glaucomatous thyroiditis usually come to the physician with fever, Anterior cervical pain and they show tenderness in palpation during physical examination. Occasionally, clinical presentation is atypical and it is possible that it is taken as systemic or malignant diseases wrongfully.Here, we reported a 27 years old girl with FUO that the final diagnosis was subacute thyroiditis. The diagnosis was done through abnormal thyroid function tests, thyroid scan, suppressed radio - iodine uptake and excellent response to Aspirin.

Complete uterine spine is rare. Uterus may spine around its own axis. Few cases are reported. Common cases of torsion are fibroma, uterus anomaly and ovarian cyst when it is more likely to be mistaken for another common cause and then torsion of uterus has been diagnosed.This case was a 20-years-old woman, primi gravid due to generalize sever pain abdominal. In order to rule out other causes such pyelonephritis, abrubptio placenta, red degeneration myoma and appendicitis. Pain was increased and then patient was lapratomyzed.Uterus was rotated in a apposite clock wise direction through 720 twist around its axis.