JOURNAL OF POLITICAL STUDIES
Year:2016 | Volume:8 | Issue:32 |Papers Count:10

Basically the concept of criticism makes sense in a society that everybody tries to solve the society's problems and finds solutions through negotiation in order to reach an agreement. In such a society, transformation and delimitation in the approach of political elites is not the most important deal. The solution according to different opinions and recognizing the others that occurs the relative consensus around national interests. Such a society possesses of what level of development-in general definition-is controversial. However endeavor to act in the public area by elites within the framework of communicative action’ s theory can lead us to understanding and agreement under the importance of criticism and discussion. It means that a political issue is considered as a public issue and action in public area must pass through criticism and discussion. Rapt action to the agreement and understanding passes through the redemptive rationality and does not necessarily seeks to achieve the benefit and profit. According to Habermas thought the deadlock of modern societies relies solely on one aspect of human wisdom. And in his own theory of communicative action he seeks to open the process of cognition and action proportionate to the rationality and as a result to rescue the profit driven man-who seeks own aims-of the deadlock of self-made and rigid social system. This article strives to use this theory in Iran contemporary political community and achieve solutions to reach to the political understanding and agreement in order to recognize and consider to the criticism element in society.

The aim of present research is to study factors on Anomie sense of political case, citizens of the province Ilam and to implement researcher has used descriptive method in this research study. (People 18 years of Ilam in accordance with the constitution), which we refer to this households in Ilam and features They were examining the measure by Kerry Cochran samples, 414 samples were considered. Data were gathered in 2015. In this research, by investigating Durkhim works, a theoretical model was proposed to consider the factors effective on the perception of political anomy, including: accelerated economic changes, political dependancy, religious unity, unfairness of rules, individualism, secularism. . Factor analysis, T. test and standard error results showed that: the variables accelerated economic growth religious solidarity were effective on citizens' political among perception in above intermediate, rules unfairness, individualism and aocio-economic situation in intermediate and secularism were effective in lower than intermediate level.

Democracy has been defined and measured in various ways. There is no consensus on how to measure democracy, definitions of democracy are contested and there is an ongoing lively debate on the subject. In this thesis we identify the current measuring model of democracy and address the strengths and weaknesses of the main available measures of political regime and extend a new model. We argue that existing measures of democracy are not interchangeable and that the choice of measure should be guided by its theoretical and empirical underpinnings. The method in this thesis is documentary studies. We use all related documents and fallow three steps: description, analysis and critique, proposition. Munck and Verkuilen design a framework for measuring democracy. The framework first distinguishes among three challenges that are sequentially addressed: conceptualization, measurement, and aggregation, In conceptualization, author's model is based on five categories: election, political participation, civil and political freedom, rule of law and economical welfare. The five categories are interrelated and form a coherent conceptual whole. In measurement and aggregation, author proposes two approaches: data oriented and expert oriented. They need to calculation of factor loading by multiple regressions. Finally, we use weight sum and calculate democracy scores in different countries.

The major objective of this paper was to study peoples attitude toward governmental institutions in Goletan Province, Iran, as a measure of the level of social capital. To achieve this objective questionnaires was constructed and were completed by a sample of 418 people. Ki-Square, t-test, Spearman correlation, and Anova were employed as the statistical techniques of evaluation. Conclusions reached were as follow: 1)women expressed more favorable attitude than men toward governmental institutions; 2) among four ethnic groups, Bluch people expressed the lowest and Sistani's the highest positive attitude; 3) The attitudinal distribution of sample toward the performance of governmental institutions were 56% favorable, 18% relatively favorable and 23. 2% negative.

The main concern of this study is that, what is the role of methodological rotation of positivism to post-positivism in transforming the concept of ideology in discourse? In fact, methodology with removal of desired appearances about the two concepts of ideology and discourse tries to address fundamental changes of internal mechanisms and methodological in order to be understood the conceptual evolution appropriately. While, majority of political analysts attribute the conceptual evolutions to objective and external evolutions and consider poor performance of ideological governments as the main reason for this paradigmatic evolution in the twentieth century, it seems that instead of dealing with fruits and results of performances it should be paid more attention to the origins and methodological foundations. Ideology is the product of the rule positivism. Minded dogmatism and dogma, unchangeable, in human, all of the time and place are the main characteristics of ideological states which are actually and directly influenced by the approach of positivism. The concept of discourse of the rule product is post-positivism approach. Identities fluid, opaque and flexible rules, local, related to such time and place as discourse characteristics are quite significantly influenced by interpretation methods.

In contemporary international relations there are different definitions of the elements of power, including the power to energy as one of the components of power that is acceptable to international relations scholars. In this paper we investigate the question of how to deal with the status of in global economic system of the world's oil diplomacy. In addition, other topics in the field located to analysis, and in the final analysis emphasized the fact Fluctuating global oil prices and energy dependency developed countries lies in the oil, causing negative consequences for the economy and GDP in the (In agriculture, industry and Mine, oil and gas). Therefore, an efficient energy diplomacy provides opportunities And strategic threats international cooperation in order to maximize the Geopolitical and geo-economic benefits Prepared and lead to create the necessary conditions to maximize national interests In international relations Based on energy energy for each country.

Historically, facing to political crimes have different stages, including from Strictness to tolerance and acquitted. Strictness and tolerant attitudes have been common respectively in totalitarian and democratic regimes. In many countries, there are still many people who are sentenced to long term just because of political criticizing and efforts to reform the political system. In Iran, under Article 168 of the constitution, with the aim of helping political prisoners, explicitly stressed the need to distinguish political crimes and the need to hearing of them with the jury. After more than three decades of struggle for the implementation of the principle, the Political Crime Act was passed in 2016. Although with a little optimism we can considered this act as a step towards securing the rights of political prisoners, research findings show that the act has serious shortcomings and can’ t achieve the desired goals. In addition, based on fundamental principles of human rights, political freedoms and criticism of politicians and governmental functions are considered as fundamental rights of citizens and so should not be criminalized.

Changes in geopolitical and strategic environment of Middle East have had the fundamental role inthe acts of governments and regional players treat. Fragile belteror the irregular crescent of Muslims has always been the matter of interaction and conflictfor the players of the region. However, these players were regional, international or interventionist players. One of these players that made attempts to play a role in the post cold war climateis Turkey. It aims to benefit from the current situation for its nationaland international interests, changing itself into an influential government. To do so, Turkey joined NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) contract. This new approach has caused Osmannew activism in Turkey’ s foreign relation affairs. In fact, it tries to penetrate both politically and economically in Arabic Middle East, central Asia, and Caucasus, specifically in terms of politics in this region. Turkey’ s approach can be analyzed regarding Syria and Egypt, and MohammadMorsi’ s period. However, Turkey seeks for its benefits in the region through international framework and closing to hegemony of powers. Facing some serious challenges such as domestic ones, Turkey is trying to join European Union and it seems to be a ideal perfectionism in Turkey’ s treatment that can turn into a new challenge itself.

The Role of New Media Internet on political activism (case study revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt) The main objective of this research. Although modern media and communication in the information age, how could facilitate the expression of the mass protests and political change make? The real question is are we going to respond to it. I approach the most appropriate approach to the study of Islamic awakening is detected. virtual networks on why the revolution have no role but also in how the revolution affected Andkh It should be remembered that the dependence on the West and America and dictatorship are the main reason for the rise of this revolution in the process of implementation of the internet revolution and cyberspace has a role. Qualitative research methods and data collection practices by Internet resources, library and use of periodicals and journals Persian and English.