NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT (JOURNAL OF FISHERIES)
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (25)|Papers Count:18

Administration of commercial antibiotics for disease treatment lead to undesirable effects and looking for proper alternatives seems essential in aquaculture. In this study, the effects of oral administration of Ergosan and Levamisolewamin on hematological and immunological indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. 450 juvenile rainbow trout randomly divided in three groups, each in triplicates. First group fed with food supplemented with Levamisole, second group fed with Ergosan supplemented food, but control group fed with unsupplemented food. All groups fed with experimental diet for 60 days. Biometric assay were conducted in 0, 30 and 60 days of study and growth indices (SGR, FCR, CF, WGP and PER) calculated after 30 and 60 days. At the end of treatment blood samples were taken from fish in each treatment and haematological (PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCV, MVH and MCHC) and immunological (Lysozym and bactericidal activity) factors were compared among groups. Results showed that almost all growth indices were increased in both Ergosan and Levamisol groups compare to control group (P<0.05), but no significant difference observed between Ergosan and Levamizol groups (P>0.05). Lysozyme activity increased significantly in Levamizol group (P<0.05), but no significant extent in Ergosan and Levamisol groups compare to control (P>0.05). Haematological parameters of fish in all groups showed no significant change after 60 days of feeding with experimental diets (P>0.05). It can be concluded that Ergosan and Levamizol can stimulate growth and immunological indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, without any side effects on haematological factors, so they can be used as growth and immune stimulators in trout culture.

In this study the efficiency of Nanocid as a new chemical material was compared to Hydrogen Peroxide (PX), a commonly used material in aquaculture and Chloramine-T (Cl), an active disinfectant against different pathogens, in Persian sturgeon larvae. The Nanocid at two concentrations (N40 and N80 mg/l), Hydrogen Peroxide at concentration (PX40 mg/l) and Chloramine-T at two concentrations (Cl15 and Cl20 mg/l) with a control group (untreated) were established in 20-liter aquariums for controlling the fungal load and calculating the best dosage among different treatments. The determination of physiochemical parameters (pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen) indicated no significant difference between treated groups and control (P>0.05). The result of total count of fungi showed that the treatment N80 was significantly effective against fungal agents in larvae compared to other treatments, followed by treatment PX40 (P<0.05).

In this study, changes in osmolarity of blood serum in 150 fingerlings of rainbow trout with a average weight of 20.01±1.33, in order to determine the compatibility with different salinities for fish farming in brackish water. Fish were studied in different salinity levels including 7 ppt, 11 ppt, and 0ppt (fresh water). Blood sampling was performed from caudal vein at times 0, 24, 48, 72 and 240 hours after the beginning of experiment. After centrifugation and separation of blood plasma, osmotic pressure was measured by osmometer. The results showed that osmolarity at 0 salinity (freshwater) was 313.7±18.5 mosm/L and after 10 days experiment, this value in 7ppt salinity was 331.7±7.7mosm/L. In this salinity levels and time no significant difference was found with time 0. After 10 days in 11ppt salinity, the osmolarity value was 367.6±15.5 mosm/L. At this time a significant statistical difference was observed with time 0. Therefore, according to the results, osmotic pressure changes within 10 days showed capability of osmoregulation in tested fish in 7ppt salinity. But fish which were in 11 ppt salinity did not manage to regulate their blood osmolarity.

Macrobenthos composition and abundance of white shrimp farms in the western region in Gomishan, Golestan Province was conducted. Two saltwater pools 1 acre with mean depth of 1 and 1.5 m was used. During four months, (2010), the sampling of bottom sediments of shrimp ponds, from the entrance, center, and output sides stations and 3 samples from each location using samples of sediment and benthos (Ekman Grab) with 262 square centimeters of surface area were taken monthly and stained with Rose Bengal solution and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol and samples of 500 micron sieve in laboratory and washed for maintenance of macrobenthoses. Microscope and binocular was use and all the creatures according to main groups were counted and identified. Also for determining of total organic matter (TOM %) monthly and for soil aggregation, a sample of each pool during the breeding period of five locations was took and analyzed with conventional methods. Results showed the existence of three main groups of arthropods (crustaceans and insects), ring worms (polychaetes worms) and mollusks (clams and a gastropod) which the polychaetes with 78% and 83%, respectively had the highest frequency in pool 6 and 16. Macrobenthos composition and abundance were monthly different and in each pool, too. TOM% did not show significant differences in both pools (P>0.05), while was significant monthly (P<0.05). Tissue pools contain a grain of sand, silt and clay, which it was different between two pools and in different parts. %TOM rate is relatively high in the bed sediments that it is probably due to the gradation of silt-clay.

Present study was done to survey sodium and potassium fluctuations in blood serum of common carp at different levels of salinity (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppt) for 4 days. 250 of common carp fingerlings with weight average 2.1 gr was selected and transferred into trial tank with different levels of salinity. Blood sampling was performed to cut the caudal peduncle once in every 24 hours and serum was separated with centrifuge machine. Sodium and potassium was measured with flame photometer. Result indicated all of the fingerlings were died in salinities 15 and 20 ppt after 24 hours. The value of blood serum potassium indicated significant difference among salinities in (24-48), (24-72), (24-96), (48-96) and (72-96) hours (P<0.05) and with increasing of salinity decreased level of blood serum potassium in during times. But, for blood serum sodium, there were significant difference among salinities in (24-48) and (24-72) hours (P<0.05). With increasing of salinity, increased level of blood serum sodium after 72 hours (third day) but level of blood serum sodium decreased in fourth day.

Due to the lack of adequate surface water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, aquaculture industry has been forced to use underground water resources in these areas. Concerning water quality and resources as the main determining factors in appropriateness of water using for aquaculture activities, this study examined these water resources capabilities in rainbow trout culture through zone classification of water quality (including flumes) by using GIS and Geostatic in Yazd Province. As type of location data was point for water resources, different methods of Geostatic were used in zoning and detecting of suitable areas for aquaculture firstly and finally, appropriate range was divided. Then, qualitative data of flumes in many features such as pH, hardness, salinity and concentrations of elements such as chloride, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate and sulfate were compared with qualitative standards of rainbow trout culture. The results showed that the quality of some water resources is inappropriate for using in rainbow trout culture.

Effect of dietary prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide and b-1, 3-glucan (TechnoMos®) on growth, survival and body composition of carp juveniles were investigated for 45 days. Experimental diets were prepared by using supplementation of 0 (Control), 0.5 and 1g prebiotic MOS and b-1, 3-glucan kg-1 commercial carp diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid in a totally randomized design trial in triplicate groups. The experiment carried out in 30 liters plastic tanks. 15 juvenile common carp with initially average weight 810±57 mg were stocked in tanks and fed up a day. The results showed no significant differences on the survival, and growth performance and feed efficiency indices between treatment (P>0.05) but 1.0g kg-1 MOS and b-1, 3-glucan treatment had the highest carcass protein and fat (P<0.05). However, 1.0 g kg-1 MOS and b-1,3-glucan supplementation in the diet of common carp juveniles can improve growth performance index, survival, final production and body composition.

The bottom soil of shrimp pond is integral parts of ponds. This study was carried out to investigate the chemical and physical properties of shrimp ponds. The parameters were monitored as follows: pH, phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total organic matter, clay, silt and sand, on shrimp culture (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the Gomishan (Golestan Province, North of Iran). The results indicated that all chemical and physical properties had significant differences (P<0.05), only total organic matter. Large change in soil concentrations of clay, silt and sand were observed after one production cycle so that clay greatly reduced. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that, there was a high correlation (r=0.73) between organic matter and total nitrogen. The final product had the highest correlation with the pH and the lowest with total organic matter. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that P concentration explained 61% of the variation in shrimp yield. Properties of the pond bottom soil and processes occurring at the bottom soil and in the soil-water interface are very important regarding the well-being and growth shrimp in ponds.

Heavy metal Zn is one of the environmental pollutants of waters. Study was carried out with the aim of studying on the histopathological acute effects of Zn (NO3)2 poisons on gill of silver carp (with mean weight 50±10 gram) during 96 hours. Totally, 135 fish were bought and stocked in 12 aquariums (with volume 200 L) including 15 fish in each aquarium. Treatments were including 0, 5 and 10 ppm concentration of Zn with three replicates in each trail. For histological study, sampling of gill was carried out during 12-96 hours and then fixed in Bouin, s solution, sectioned with 7 mm diameter by microtome set and stained with H & E method. Microscopic study results showed hyperplasia, telangiectasis, aneurism, hyperemia, necrosis of secondary filaments fusion of secondary lamellae disorders. With increasing Zn (NO3)2 concentration and adjacent duration, histopathological effects were increased.

An experiment had done by 900 pieces of fishes by having the average weight of 50 gr lasted 2 months for the purpose of a survey about mutual effects of Lysine and L-Carntin on growth and some qualitative parameters of blood in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. An experimental fishes were divided to 30 groups of 30 pieces in 10 treatments and 3 repetitions. Experimental treatments include to 10 levels. (Lysine 0.5-L-Carntin 0.5), (Lysine 1-L-Carntin 1), (Lysine 1-L-Carntin 1.5), (Lysine 0.5-L-Carntin 1.5 )-(Lysine 1.5-L-Carntin 0.5)-(Lysine 0.5 L-Carntin 1)-(Lysine 1-L-Carntin 0.5)-(Lysine1.5-L-Carntin 1)-(Lysine 1.5-L-Carntin 1.5)-(Lysine 0-L-Carntin 0) gr/kg food. Results shown that the percent of survival, increasing weight and specific growth rate (SGR) indices in level (Lysine 0.5-L-Carntin 1) gr/kg food had considerable increase. Similarly, FCR by following the consumption of Lysine 0.5 and L-Carntin 1 gr/kg food was lower than control group. Also, qualitative parameters of blood, glucose, cholesterol, cratinine and albumin had significant decrease while the total amount of blood protein had increase in comparison of the control group. Finally it was cleared at the using of Lysine 0.5 and L-Carntin 1 gr/kg experimental food caused an improvement on growth, survival, decrease of FCR, and improvement of qualitative parameters of blood in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The family Percidae is one of the most diverse families of freshwater fishes. Previous systematic analysis (that studies the genus and species of Percidae) were mainly based on morphological characters. But nowadays molecular data are used for these purposes extensively. The main objective of this study is determining phylogenetic relationships of 3 species of Caspian Sea Percids including: Sander lucioperca, Perca fluviatilis and Sander marinum inferred from mitochondrial 12s rRNA gene sequencing. For this purpose, 3 adult pike perches were collected from Anzali wetland and 3 adult Sander marinum from Caspian Sea. 2 g of each specimen's dorsal fin was removed and stored in 96% ethyl-alcohol. Genomic DNA was extracted and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the target DNA using one pair of 12s rRNA primer. After electrophoresis, PCR product and primers were sent to Genfanavaran Corp. for sequencing. The phylogenic relationships were assessed with Mega 4. The results of this study showed that both S. lucioperca and S. marinum are located in the same cluster and evolutionary distance of these two species is very low. P. fluviatilis with a little more evolutionary distance was located in a distinct cluster. On the other hand, all these three species were located in a separate cluster from Cyprinus carpio which confirm the common ancestor for these three species. As a conclusion, the results of this study showed that sequencing mitochondrial 12s rRNA gene is a reliable method to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Caspian Sea percids.

Biodegradable protein-based film was developed by incorporating Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) into whey protein concentration (WPC) at level of 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.5% v/v. Then, its antimicrobial activity tested against 6 bacteria and 1 fungus includes Pseudomonas putida (PTCC 1694), Esherichia coli (PTCC 3315), Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1163), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 465), Streptococcus agalactiae (PTCC 1768), Lactobacillus lactis (PTCC 1366) and the fungus Candida albicans. Films containing CEO showed significant antibacterial activity both gram-positive and gram-negative strains and exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the studied fungi. The inhibitory zone in film solutions and film disks were increased with concentration of Cinnamon oil in the polymer matrix (P<0.05). In general, inhibition zones film solutions were higher than those on the disk. Based on results, whey protein edible coating contain 1.5% Cinnamon essential oil was used for microbial assay Huso huso during cold storage (4 °C) which could inhibit of total bacteria growth and pscychrophilic counts of fillet.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of trout farm effluents on water quality in the Zarringol Stream. In this study, two trout farms and 6 stations were selected and physiochemical characteristics and nutrients of water, including DO, NO2, NO3, PO4, pH, and EC were measured each 45 days for one year in 2009-2010. The results showed that trout farms had a significant impact on EC, PO4, NO2 and NO3 concentrations in the water (P<0.05) but changes in DO and pH concentrations were insignificant (P>0.05). There was significantly an increase in the concentration of NO2, EC, PO4 and NO3 downstream of the trout farms. Additionally, the level of PO4 and NO3 in the next station of trout farms were more than the standard environmental amount.

In this study, some biological parameters of Artemia parthnogenetica in the Incheh Lake, located in Golestan Province was studied in 2008. Biological characterization of the Artemia cists collected from Incheh Lake consists of the average length of naupli with 491.9 m and the cyst length 268.8 m, hatching percentage 35%, efficient hatch, 24600 and 90% maximum hatch was 20 hours. The physicochemical conditions for cultivation of Artemia in vitro followed by, water temperature, 27-29oC, salinity 32 ppt, pH 7.5, dissolved oxygen (DO) 6.5-7 mg/l, naupli concentration 40 ind/l and the cultivation period 23 days. Artemia were fed by Chlorella with the cell concentration of 18×106 ind /ml. Total length, fecundity and survival rate were determined at the 23th days of experiment, maximum and minimum of length (TL) were 8.5 mm and 12.9 mm, total fecundity were 12 and 105, survival rate were 55 and 78 percent, respectively. However, genetic characteristics and feed quality are the important indices in fecundity ration of Artemia.