JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2011 | Volume:4 | Issue:4 (SERIES NO. 15)|Papers Count:8

Oyster shells have also been used as a source of lime (Ca (OH)2) and poultry and cattle feeds. It would be beneficial to find additional uses for the oyster's shells. This study examined whether oyster (Saccustrea cucullata) dead shells and alive Oyster would be effective in removing Cadmium and iron from water for potential use as a biofilter medium in Persian Gulf. Compared to dead shells, alive oyster exhibit extremely better Uptake of metal ions from sea water. The removal of cadmium and Iron by dead shells from the solution reached a maximum of 8% and 9% respectively after 1 hours of continuous stirring. Also Nearly 23% and 19.61% removal of cadmium and Iron (respectively) by alive Oyster was achieved. According to the results it can be concluded that Saccostrea cucullata can be used as biofilters with good clearance ability.

Being the largest lake of the world and as a land–locked water body, The Caspian Sea accommodates one of the most precious fishery stocks of the world which are annually caught by beach seines. These net are the single authorized means of harvesting bony fish stocks in coastal Caspian Sea waters along The Guilan, Mazandaran & Golestan provinces. The first use of beach seine dates back to 1900 - and which does not seem to have been designed on any particular technical or tactical considerations. Due to lack of technically sound design of the fishing nets and their low selective fishing capabilities for catching the target species there have, unfortunately been large amount of by – catch substandard fish to such an extent that the non–standard fish caught has accounted for nearly of total landings in recent year. The average length of Kutum, the dominant fish species caught by fishing cooperatives using beach seine was 55 cm 80 years ago which has been plummeted down to 37 cm in 2007. Therefore it is noticed that during the past 80 decades a sum of 15,000 tons of various bony fishes have been caught as by–catch. These fishes include Rutilus frisii kutum, Liza auratus, Liza saliens, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus rutilus caspicus, Vimba persa, Chalchalburnus chalcodes, Aspius taeniatus, Alosa sp, Barbus brachycephalus caspius, Abramis brama orieais, Sander lucioperca, Salmo trutta caspius, Silurus glanis, Esox lucius, & sturgeons. There have, so far, been no scientific bases or standards for the design & construction of fishing gears that could upgrade the utilization of commercially important fish stocks in the Iranian side of the Caspian Sea.

Sturgeons are of commercially important fish species in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, but little is known about their parasite fauna in this area. In the present study, a total of 35 individual of four sturgeon species consisting of Acipenser persicus (n=8), A, stellatus (n=17), A. nudiventris (n=2) and A. gueldenstaedti (n=3) were examined for parasites between March and September 2006. A total of five parasite species including two nematodes (Cucullanus sphaerocephalus and Eustrongylides excisus), one acanthocephalan (Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus), one trematode (Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus) and one cestode (Ligula intestinalis) were recovered from the samples. L. plagicephalus had the highest prevalence (20%), while S. semiarmatus had the highest mean intensity (23.9) and mean abundance (15.1) in the samples. L. intestinalis had the lowest prevalence (2.9%) and mean intensity (0.11). It was also true for E. excisus which had the lowest prevalence (2.9%) and mean intensity (1.43). In the present study, L intestinalis is reported for the first time from A. stellatus (new host record) in the southern part of the Caspian Sea.

Turnips are among most commonly grown and widely adapted to environmental conditions and eating habits of Iran. The roots are consumed as a cooked vegetable and the leaf tops as potherb like spinach. In folk medicine, the powdered seed is said to be a remedy for cancer and breast tumors. In this research, screening of hot water, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of turnip was carried out to investigate there in vitro antifungal activity against Penicillium sp., Aspergillus oryzae, A. niger and the dandruff-associated fungi Malassezia globosa. Agar well diffusion method was used throughout investigation. It was found that crude turnip extracts using hot water as extraction solvent exhibited the highest antifungal activity against all tested microoganisms. However, Penicillium sp. was more resistant to all extracts than A. niger and A. oryzae, while Malassezia globosa showed the highest sensitivity to allextracts, especially to water extracts. On the other hand, the antifungal index of all turnip extracts with various concentrations against test fungi was measured by agar dilution assay. The results of this part of research revealed that the antifungal activity was increased with increase in concentration of extracts.

To study of trend of annual changes of catch of Liza saliens in the Gorgan Bay was sampled from 20 August till next August catch season in the Gorgan Bay begins from August to fishing gear was Gill net. During of year was done twice a week and was counted unallowable nets. Number of unallowable Nets was 13974-string trap fishing amount of catch was estimated on the base of biometric catch data of research nets. Catch per unit effort (Net, day) of research Nets was 1.2 Kg which 0.18 Kg was to L.saliens. Maximum amount of estimated catch determined 15.1% (235.9Kg) for L.saliens. In totally amount of annually unallowable catch was estimated about 149908 Kg. Age range of caught L.saliens was between 1–6 and Maximum Frequency was observed at age group of 3 which included 48.6% of total ferquency. Length range observed between 11–34 cm. Maximum length frequency was observed at (19-20) cm and its frequency was included about 25% of total catch. Weigh range was between 20-360 gr and maximum weight frequency observed at 220gr and interval 180-240 gr was about 50% of total catch. Maximum of amount catch observed at Aban month and don’t have another peak.

During the past decade Campylobacters and Arcobacters have been shown to be responsible for enteritis in human and animal. The natural habitats of most Campylobacter and Arcobacter species are the intestines of birds and other warm-blooded animals. These organisms may enter the environment, including drinking water, through the feces of birds, animals or infected humans. The major purpose of this study was isolation and identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter from environmental samples in north of Iran. These bacteria were isolated by pret-KB method and identified and authenticated using phenotyping and molecular (16srRNA DNA sequencing) methods. The results obtained indicated that 64 strains were isolated from out of 235 samples of domestic animals (cow, sheep and horses), poultry, river water and sewage. All of, 48 strains were classified as catalase positive and 16 strains were catalase negative. Phenotyping of catalase positive isolates resulted detection of 21 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, 13 Campylobacter coli, 10 Campylobacter lari, 1 Campylobacter gracilis and 3 Arcobacter butzleri. The phenotyping identification of some isolated strains were confirmed by 16s rRNA gene DNA sequencing. In conclusion, although, these bacteria were isolated almost from all of the sources, poultry and river water were recognized as major vehicles of Campylobacter and Arcobacter respectively. Hence, the existence of these pathogenic bacteria in environmental investigated area may increase possibility of transmission into human being through insanitary food products and water.

Determining spawning period and peak time of it has a crucial role in stock management and restacking of fish species. This study was conducted to ovarian development and spawning of common carp in south-east of Caspian Sea and grey mullet in the rearing ponds of South Caspian Sea (Gomishan) through histological studies. Common carp samples were taken randomly from the beach seine nets. Hematoxilin-Eosin method was used foe staining of oocytes. Identification of maturation stages was done based on six-stage key. Obtained information from macroscopical and histological studies showed common carp gonad has a continuous spawning period in the Caspian Sea. According to the results, stage I, II, III and IV of ovary maturation of grey mullet occurred in July, August, September and October, respectively. From November fishes were ready for hormonal induction. Considering the histological studies of common carp and grey mullet, the spawning period of common carp was in spring but spawning period of grey mullet was in autumn and early winter.

Gastroenteritis is an important health problem in young children. Shigellosis is an important cause of an acute infective colitis that causes by Shigella spp. shigellosis has worldwide distribution and is a special concern in developing countries. So that, the death caused by Shigella is common among children which they have less than five years old. Because gastroenteritis is an important health problem in young children, in this study we aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigellas in children in north of IRAN at 17 shahrivar hospital. This study is an interview–based study conducted in selected hospital from urban area in rasht. This study was performed in630 samples from August 2007to August 2008.out of 35 Shigella strains isolated, 11 strains of S. dysenteriae,12 strains of S.flexneri, 1 strain of S.boydii and 11 strains were S.sonnei. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the most resistance of antibiotics to strains was: Amoxicillin and Cephalothin (100%), Ampicillin, Gentamycin and nalidixic acid (2.9%). While, the most sensitivity of antibiotics were Ciprofloxacin (82.9%), Gentamycin (74.3%), Chloramphenicol (68.6%), Nalidixic acid (34.3%), Trimethoprim and sulfomethoxazole (11.4%) and Ampicillin (2.9%) respectively. According to side effects in some of these antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid are recommended as choice drugs in treatment of shigellosis.