JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2012 | Volume:5 | Issue:SUPPLEMENT 4 (SERIES NO. 19)|Papers Count:16

The ORYZA2000 model was evaluated against a data set of field experiments. The study was laid out in RCBD with 3 replications for traditional landrace Hashemi carried out in 2005 at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. The irrigation management was I1 with continuous irrigation while I2, I3, and I4 were irrigation 1, 3 and 5 days after water disappearance of pounded water and I5, I6 were irrigation at 5 and 8 days intervals. We compared simulated and measured leaf area index (LAI) and biomass panicles and total aboveground biomass by adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2), absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE), modeling Efficiency (EF) and Coefficient of Residual Mass (CRM). On average, RMSE of model were 532-871, kg ha-1 for total biomass, 82-246 kg ha-1 for leaf biomass, 280-456 kg ha-1 for stem biomass, 234-473 kg ha-1 for panicle biomass and 0.23-0.52 cm2cm-2 for LAI. For these crop variables, normalized RMSE values were 14-24 for total biomass, 10-24 for panicle biomass, 14-55 for leaf, 16-27 for stem and 27-70 for LAI. The model Simulated LAI generally exceeded measured values.

Yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) is among limited prickly trees native to Iran and among valuable, rare species of Arasbaran forests which remained from vegetations of third geological period which unfortunately are threeteng to extinct due to changed climatic conditions and excessive exploitations and grazing. To study natural regeneration status of yew tree in Arasbaran forests, two vegetation area of Kalale in Ilgana chai and growing place of Kouran in Horand were selected. Sampling method was selective sampling which totally 43 sample plot of 1000 m2 area and 43 micro plots of 100 m2 were harvested in nested form. In major sample plots, geographic and ecological properties, forestery characteristics of stands containing yew trees and qualitative, quantitative properties of basis were recorded. In micro plots, qualitative properties of stands containing yew trees and other species including origin of regener (seedlings, coppice), saplings health and freshness in different height class were determined. Then regeneration qualitative properties of yew trees were compared by using Chi – Square, statistic test and based on separating groups of gradient, direction and altitude from sea level. In addition yew tree and other species natural regeneration relation to growth place factors were evaluated. Regeneration studies indicated that in each hectare of studied regions, there are 500 saplings of yew trees and 4402 saplings of other species and in terms of yew trees grow from, there were 71.6 % coppice basis and 28.47 % seedling and 44.1 % were observed with coppices origin. Meanwhile 60 % of other species regeneration was observed with seedling origin which indicates that yew tree and other species of Arasbaran forest have inclination towards seedling which will assure their constancy, continuity and expansion due to seedling regener. Regeneration relation to growth place factors indicates that greatest yew tree regenerations are taking place in studied growth place in northern slopes and closed to half closed canopy is 50 – 90 % and herbal layer is lower than 10 % and is placed in thickness amplitude of 1–2 diameter in humus and leaf litter. Qui–Square statistic test has shown significant difference in various conditions to compare yew tree regeneration qualitative properties. So that by comparing each of gained qualitative properties of yew tree regeneration in studied regions in terms of altitude from sea level and different direction of amplitudes indicated that there is significant difference between yew tree regeneration origin with 95 % probability. But there is no significant difference between yew tree saplings health and freshness with 95 % probability. In addition, it was indicated that there is no significant difference between yew tree regeneration qualitative properties in terms of various grades of amplitude.

One of the important factors in productive bed of crump ecosystem is soil. Also, investigate and research on different aspects of soil is very difficult. This article tries to determine the relationship spatial factor with soil erosion that study of this is simpler as soil erosion. Therefore, after primary study, an forest ecosystem about 4580 hectare were selected and some layers like, geology, pedology, run off, topography, land cover, surface erosion, river erosion, climate and land use were made and by GIS were converted to raster format then these layers were classified and reclassified. After this layers were overlapped by PSIAC method. Therefore, 60 erosion sides were created and finally, accordant this research there is 1.9 ton erosion in year in hectare.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dual purpose wheat forage and grain production under different harvest systems in research farm of college of agriculture, university of Tehran in October 2005. Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pishtaz and Triticum durum Deef. cv. Storke were sown at densities of 130, 180 and 230 kg/ha and were factorially assigned to the subplots. The green forage was either harvested by mover or grazed by sheep. The treatments were arranged in split-plot factorial while harvest systems were assigned to the main plots (harvest by mover, grazed by sheep and control). A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to analyze the experimental data under forage harvest systems (either biological or mechanical). Stork and Pishtaz produced the highest grain and forage yield (over 5000Kg/ha grain and over 1500 Kg/ha dry forage) at 230 and 180 Kg/ha, respectively. It could be concluded that the optimum sowing density for Pishtaz is 180 Kg/ha and for durum is 230 Kg/ha if forage harvest (either biological or mechanical) is applied. There was harvestable 1550 Kg/ha dry forage at the end of winter. Harvesting winter forage is profitable for farmers if they observe the technical principles.

Curvularia lunata is one of the most important biological control agents for many weeds. In this research this fungus isolated from Alism plantago-aqutica weed and evaluated as a Alisma plantago-aqutica weed biological control agent in rice.To do so, used three rice landrace including Hashemi, Ali Kazemi, Binam and two breeded cultivars involving Sepidrood and Khazar in greenhouse at a complete random design (CRD) with 3 replications. Plants at the 3-4- leaf stages were inoculated with 106 conidia per ml to run-off with 1% Tween-20. Results indicated that induced disease rating by Curvularia lunata on Hashemi and Ali Kazemi was more than others cultivar and Sepidrood and Khazar influenced less by this fungus and showed more tolerance. In addition to, by studying properties such as wet weight, dry weight and height was indicated that above landrace height in interaction to fungus didn’t have significance decreasing but Sepidrood and Khazar wet and dry weight did interaction to inoculation with fungus showed significance decreasing. Therefore, could use mentioned fungus in Alisma plantago-aqutica weed biological control regarding to this notion that this fungus did not have a considerable damage on studying rice cultivars.

Benthic of rivers leading to Lake Reservoir behind the dam during the 12th stage changing lar and sampled monthly from June to October in the years 2009 and 2010 was conducted. Sample using the Sorber dimensions 40×40 cm square at the four stations (Dalichahi, Ab sefid, Elarm and Kamardasht rivers) and a river with three replications was conducted. Samples collected by 4 percent formalin fixation and isolation in the laboratory, were identified and counted. Eleven of the Order of the Benthic were identified among them the greatest diversity of aquatic insect larvae and many have. People belonging to two orders Diptera and Odonata were the dominant organisms at all stations are. Mean total density and biomass respectively 208 number/m2 and 1.72 gr/m2 respectively. Order above 38 genus and species were included. Order Diptera with a mean frequency of 131 number/m2 (0/79 gr/m2) in the first rank, and then orders Odonata with a mean frequency of 1 number/m2 (0.45 gr/m2) in was the second. Most orders Diptera Macrobentic with frequency in the month October total of 263 number/m2 (1/94 gr/m2) was observed.Based on Kruskal-Wallis test except the insects, in terms of abundance and biomass, has had a significant difference (P<0.05). Similarly, the total biomass in four stations Macrobenthic river investigated there were no significant differences, although organisms in terms of frequency, were significantly (P<0.05).

This study has been conducted in order to determine a part of migratory waterfowl’s economic value and emphasizes on wetland and birds's conservation and protection. The number of existing wild birds in bird's market in Langeroud township was evaluated including species of price, since October to March 2004, twice per week ( on Saturday and Wednsday). For determining wintering migratory waterfowl’s economic values on economic status of Iranian Northern provinces people, the Langerood’s wild birds market as a case of study has been investigated. According to results of 48 research-days during 6 months in this market, 25224 exhibited waterbirds from 43 species, 8 families and 5 order have been counted. The most number of birds (18405 birds) belonged to Anatidae family with 13 species. The most exhibited birds were teal, mallard and coot, respectively that comprised 87.7 percent of all of birds. The average of hunted migratory waterfowls has been estimated over than 18 tones, and mallard, coot and teal had the most portions, respectively. Estimated economic value of exhibited waterfowl’s species in this market was 75200400 Rials. This showes a part of migratory waterfowls economic value and emphasize on conservation of biodiversity, migratory birds population, and wetlands in order to obtain a sustainable economic cycle.

To study of trend of annual changes of Rutilus frisii kutum in the Gorgan Bay was sampled from 20 AUG till AUG catch season in the Gorgan Bay begins from AUG to fishing gear was Gill net. During of year was done twice a week and was counted unallowable nets. Number of unallowable Nets was 13974 amount of catch was estimated on the base of biometric catch data of research nets. Catch per unit effort (Net, day) of research Nets was 1.2 Kg which %0.17 (269/8) Kg was to Rutilus frisii kutum. Maximum amount of estimated catch determined %0.21 for Rutilus frisii kutum. In totally amount of annually unallowable catch was estimated about 149908 Kg. ages of caught Rutilus frisii kutum was between 1-8 year that range of between 2-4 was about %75. Maximum frequency was 4 which included. %31 which its average length and weight was respectively 38.7cm, 790 gr. Maximum length frequency was observed at 27-41 cm interval and its frequency was included about %16 of total catch. The interval 27-41 cm was included about٪60 of total catch. Weight of caught clupeidae range was from 50-2000gr. Maximum weight frequency observed at (601-800)800gr which was about %22 of total catch. Maximum of amount catch observed at Farvardin and esfand month that was more than %90 of total catch.

To evaluate irrigation and Azolla compost on agronomic traits of rice in Gilan province, an experiment was carried out in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht during 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design as split-plot with three replications. In this experiment, three irrigation management levels (I1=100% control and I2, I3, respectively, irrigation with 80%, 60% evaporation from a class A evaporation pan) as the main plot and different amounts of composted azolla at four levels (C1 C2, C3 and C4, respectively, without the use of compost, 4 tons, 8 tons and 12 ton/ha) respectively as Sub plot. The result showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation water on grain yield, plant height, number of seeds in hollow clusters and total biomass is significant and the effect of different doses of compost on grain yield, height, tiller number, panicle number, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, filled grain number, hollow, emptiness percent, cluster weight, total biomass, yield and chlorophyll is significant. Interactions effect irrigation and compost on yield was significant. In general, it could be concluded that appropriate management in paddy fields, irrigation, 60 percent of the amount of evaporation from class A pan evaporation with the use of 8 ton/ha is Azolla compost.

In this study, forest stands of the tow protected and non-protected areas of Asalem (District 1) forest region are studied and quantitative factors are compared. The applied sampling method was systematic random with constant gride of 100×100 meters. In each sample plot, From quantitative factor, basal area of stand and namber of tree per hectar were determined. Also, in each micro-plot (25 square meters) The regeneration information saplings complete lower and greater than 1.30m height were recorded. For data analysis, the means of different indices and quantitative parameter were calculated and t-test was used to test all indices and parameter means differences in the studied areas. Result showed that, number of trees, basal area and number of regeneration in protected area was significantly higer than that in nonprotected forest stands.

There was a study that has the knowledge about the damages occurred on the standed trees akward from the implement of the simple chaice method in parsel on 39 kinds of 11 cure-river(shafo-roud).In this survey the damages occurred on the trees was about the holls which were created on them was measured after the deforestation. In order to estimate the scale of the damages to the standed mass in the holes of slack and the zones of the cargo muster It was used the 100 percentages census method. The effects and results of this survey show 14 circle spots in the slack holls. 19.7% damages of trees in the slack plots were included in the maple(Acer)kind 17.2%for the beech (Fagus) and 12.5%for the other kind beech(Carpinus) and the rest of percentages were for the other kindds like alder (Alnus) and fig tree (Angili) and …Mean while most of the damages are for the diagonal trees in equal with the bust is lesstham 50-70cm.The main trees in which the ejection of the wooden industries make the sores on them are belonged to the kinds which have the thickness more than 70cm.

Nitrogen is most important elements required for rice plant and is one of the main factors to yield increases. In order to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and split on rice variety of Hashemi and determinate of most favorable rates and splitting of its consumption, an experiment in factorial statistical format based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replication in Iran’s Rice Research Institute stead on Rasht (Guilan), in 2009 and 2010 years was conducted. Experiments factors was consist of nitrogen rates (N1:0, N2:30, N3:60 and N4:90 kg/ha nitrogen from urea) and four levels of nitrogen splitting respectively in stages of seedling, tillering, flowering and emersion of complete panicle include, T1 (50%,50%,0 and 0), T2 )50%, 25%, 25% and 0), T3 ( 50%, 0, 25% and 25%), T4 (25%, 25%, 25% and 25%). Results showed that different rates of nitrogen on all measured traits had a significant difference on 1% probability level. Also different levels of nitrogen splitting had a significant difference at 1% probability level in all traits except harvest index and in case of harvest index was significant in 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was obtained by usage of 90 kg/ha nitrogen. In the other hand among the splitting levels, T4 was recorded the maximum grain yied.

In order to outspread, develop and promote of the morale of feeling trust about conservation of natural resources and energy and also decrease the environmental pollutions in Ferro and steal industries bounds to conserve environment and human health in a conjugated form. In fact, up today these industries investments on environment causes to decrease 90 percent of climate pollutants comparing with 1980s (30). As well as completely can be logic that researches on the environmental controls must be increase every day. As you know the industries are one of the most important pollutants and also one of the most pollutants of them is Steel industry. Therefore it must to be Environmental Assessment. Hence, one of the Steel industries called "Ferro complex of Guilan" selected. In this dissertation, studied air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, sound pollution. Every industrial project include in three phases: construction phase, operational phase and increase of capacity (developing phase). Ferro Complex of Guilan is an industrial in operational phase and passed the construction phase anyhow. This ¨Ferro Complex¨ settled in 37° 09' 03" North latitude and 49° 36' 46" East longitudes, with 79 meter hieght from Mean sea level, in the south of the Rasht city, in Rasht industrial estate area. That is from the North neighbor with Guilan Plain and from the south next to natural series: 18 and manmade forest of Saravan, from the East-North near to Saravan Park (Country Park).production capacity is 1.6 million TON in this dissertation our principle goal is Assessment of all of environmental factors in this “Ferro Complex “in the operational phase. Also how much are there gaps between these factors and the standard amounts? Principle variants in this research are environmental parameters like water, air, soil, sound and socio-economic. At last compare and weighting this environmental parameter in a few interactive matrices. Also monitoring program for these parameters was a purpose that has brought as a table in this dissertation. Ferro Complex of Guilan can continue to produce with some corrective actions. Surly present environmental programs to decrease bad effects have a special importance and can destructive affections decrease of this industry in the future.

In this study, beech phenology in three altitudinal range (400 to 700 m, 700 to 1000 m and 1000 m to 1300), in both aspect (North and South) and in the mountainous forested areas located in Guilan province, 21 were studied. A total of six-hectare plots in each plot selected 100 healthy trees marked in different months and years were visited several times and observations were inserted in the relevant tables. Also LISSIII-IRS satellite images during the study period were used. After geometric correction accuracy of less than 0.5 pixels and atmospheric correction of images produced in NDVI Iranian beech phenological stages were monitored. Results indicate the emergence of leaves and flowering of the third week of April to first week of May, beginning of leaf loss in early October and the end of the fourth week of leaf loss in December is the first weekend. All interpretations of the phonological days after the passing of years into the analysis results showed that were reviewed included in all levels, altitude, direction and types of phonological characteristics of studied were significantly different from each other. Correlation matrix was calculated based on the traits that a significant negative correlation between rainfall and average temperatures of leaf emergence, flowering and the rate of emergence was scored. Correlation between average temperatures complete with leaves, falling leaves, the rate and amount of flowering fruit week was also significant and negative. Maximum NDVI 0.6 complete leaf stage and increase the value of NDVI 0.31 leaf emergence stage and reduce the NDVI value of 0.33 phase Autumn beech leaves in Iran shows.