AGROECOLOGY JOURNAL (JOURNAL OF NEW AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE)
Year:2007 | Volume:3 | Issue:7|Papers Count:11

Drought cause yield loses in cereals in most regions Iran. Barley and hull-less barley are the most suitable cereal crops for such situation. Four hull-less barley genotypes (UH3, U46M, EHM81-12 and CM67) were grown in research station of Eqlid azad university in two different experiments for drought stress study in, 2005-2006. In drought based study, four irrigation methods including irrigating after the reaching soil water potential to -0.5, bar (control), 1.5 bar, -3 and -5 bar were used. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in which the drought treatments were arranged in main plots and genotypes in subplots. The determined parameters were yield, it's components and ion content in shoots. The results revealed that the number of spike and grain per plot were reduced significantly by stress and grain weight was less sensitive to that. The biological and grain yields were decreased by stress. Among the genotypes, UH3 and CM67 had the lowest and highest grain and biological yield, respectively. The biological yield differences was related to low plant height, leaves and area tillers and the grain yield differences were caused by reduction in ear per plant and grain per ear. The grain protein content was influenced by drought stress. Drought stress decreased ion content except Na and Cl. The LAR value was first decreased by stress treatments but showed an increase at high stress levels. In general, UH3 genotype showed lowest yield and yield components, stress tolerance index, photosynthesis, growth and ion content and CM67 was vise versa.

The main objective of this study was to develop an optimal cropping pattern for sugar beet growers of Eqlid district (Fars province) and to investigate its importance in cropping pattern. Regarding the effect of risk on producer's decision, two sources of risk including price and yield risks was considered. Beside the other objectives, reduced water use was also dealt with applying multi objective Programming framework. The results showed that the income difference of current and optimal cropping pattern is only 7 percent. However, they are different in crop combination, so that, in current pattern 3.8 hectare out of 6.8 hectare of representative growers belongs to sugar beet, while in the case of optimal pattern, it reduces to 0.2 hectares. In general, in developed cropping patterns, sugar beet-wheat dominated production combination changes in favor of been. The change meets the goal of reduced water use up to 33 percent in addition to providing the current gross margin. The results revealed that farmers mainly consider price risk, to a great extent, in cropping pattern. It was also determined that inefficiency of sugar beet in using water as a restricting input has been resulted in reduced priority of sugar beet in cropping pattern.

Codling moth is one of the most important pests of apple trees and this crop is treated by different pesticides several times each year. In this research, effect of different doses of Calypso (240 0D) (0.4,0.5,0.6L/1000W) and calypso (480 SC) with 300 ppm dose on codling moth was studied in comparison to Azinphos methyl (2L/1000W) and untreated trees. Trial was carried out on one of the apple orchards in Azarbayejan-e-sharqi province in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Falled fruits were sampled one day before and 3, 7, 14 and 25 days after spraying in plots. After 25th day of late spraying, number of infested and uninfested fruits on trees and falled fruits were counted in plots. Effect percent of different treatments was calculated by Schneided-Orelli formulae. In the basis of percent of uninfested fruits and effect percent aspects, there were significant difference between treatments (p<0.01) and in comparison of means, all calypso OD and SC doses settled in level A and AB groups, Azinphos methyl in level B and control in level C groups. Results showed that all doses of two formulations of calypso in comparison to Azinphos methiyl had good effect in declining of codling moth population and application of this new insecticide could be recommended instead of Azinphos methyl and other common insecticides used to control of codling moth.

The main goal of management of agricultural ecosystems is to maximize the energy flew and human’s artificial inputs. This investigation was conducted in order to evaluation of economical efficiency and crop energy of dry farming barley in Azarbayejan-e-Sharqi province. Information and data were obtained from barley farmers and Jihad-e- Agriculture organization of the province. In this study, routine scientific methods were used to change input and output data to their equal quantities and then energy efficiency (ratio of produced energy to consumed energy) was calculated. The rate of inputs engaged in these fields was 5923.79 kcal/ha and the rate of produced energy was computed 7644.16 kcal / ha. The rate of energy efficiency (the ratio of out put / input) was 1.22 for this crop. Results revealed that most used energy in barley cultivation belonged to fertilizers and machinery energy, so consumption of the energy can be reduced and the energy efficiency can be increased for correct management.

It is obvious that a tractor with ordinary rubber tyres performs poorly in wetland operations due to slip and sinkage. To overcome this problem and consequently to increase tractive efficiency and field capacity of tractor in different farm operations in rice cultivation, two types of tractor steel lugged wheel were manufactured. One of them was a folding type cage wheel which could be attached on each tractor rear wheel, and could provide facility for road transportation. The other one was a steel wheel with several teeth around it, named swampy steel wheel, that can be replaced each tractor rear wheel and could move in puddled soils. In this study, for folding type cage wheel evaluation, travel reduction and field capacity of tractor were measured with and without cage wheels by various tractor speeds in primary tillage operation and data analyzed as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Second type of steel wheel was evaluated from view point of capability of land leveling operation with different tractor speeds. separately. Results showed that, 1. Folding type cage wheels had significant effect on slip reduction in wet soil, thus, it increased travel speed and field capacity in tillage operation and. 2. using the second type steel lugged wheel increased tractor speed and field capacity of field operations such as land leveling, seed broadcasting and spraying in puddled soils.

Meat cold storages of Fars province including Lar, Shiraz, Marvdasht, and Kazeroun are supported by Eqlid, Shiraz, Tehran, Kazeroun, and Marvdasht districts and their commodities is distributed in Lar, Jahrom, Marvdasht, Shiraz, Fasa, Kazeroun, and Darab lingo 10 software were used to obtain optimal pattern of meat transportation network. In current pattern, the total cost of transportation through two transporting networks equals to 1181 million rials, while in optimal solution it reduced to 940.1 million rials, i.e., using the optimal solution can result in a saving of 20.4 percent. Transportation paths to Kazeroun to Shiraz, Kazeroun to Lar, and Kazeroun to Fasa couldn’t get a priority to contribute to transportation, thus two nearly optimal solutions, considering a 5% deviation (incrementin cost) from optimal point, were developed. Nearly optimal solutions were obtained by some changes occurred in transportation path from production to storage points. The first nearly optimal solution was obtained by change in the transportation paths of Kazeroun and Lar storages and the second one was obtained by change in the transportation path to Shiraz and Kazeroun storages.

The ability of nitrogen fixation in three cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with three types of inoculants which contain different strains of Rhizobium phaseoli was evaluated in Khoramdareh, Zanjan province, Iran in 2006. Treatments were an investigation with three types of biological fertilizers including: Rhizobean super plus, Super nitro plus and Azetobacter, with two treatments: N75 (use of 75 kg nitrogen/ha) and control (without seed inoculation and fertilizer) and three bean cultivars including: COS16 (spotted bean), Keshavarze (white) and Naz (red bean). The experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed significant differences in seed yield, nitrogen percent per plant, seed protein percentage, number and weight of nodules (48 day after emergence), seed and dry matter yield among seeds inoculated and non-inoculated. Rhizobean and N75 caused the most seed yield, total dry matter and nitrogen and protein percentage. Results showed that Rhizobean super plus was more effective on common bean, as compared with Super nitro plus and Azotobacter. This investigation showed that for achievement satisfying yield and sustainable agriculture, all of industrial biofertilizers should be used as complementary materials with mineral fertilizers.

Genetic diversity of bread wheat genotypes in view point of assimilate remotion potential to seed in two normal and drought stress conditions, was evaluated in 2003. Two experiments were conducted as RCBD design with four replications and eight genotypes. In one experiment, irrigation was done all growing season based on climate condition and plant need of plant. While, in other experiment irrigation was don only in spiklet stage and filling seed stage suffered drought stree condition. Result showed that there were no significant difference in dry matter transmission from peduncle and second medeian node in all genotypes in two normal and stress conditions. While all genotypes showed significant difference in dry matter transmission from other parts of plant. In normal condition, there was no significant difference in remotion of dry matter from peduncle and second medeian node, but in other parts of plant there was significant difference at 5% confidence level. Otherwise in drought stree condition, there was significant difference in remotion of dry matter from peduncle and second medeian node in 5% confidence level. And in other parts of plant, there was no significant difference. Remotion dependent characteristics did not correlate with seed yield. Thus, though this process act as a support source of seed weight, due to their low contribution to seed weight, it dose not seem that Nariety selection based on mentioned characteristics result in high yield genotypes in semidwarf wheat genotypes.

To comparison of micronutrient application methods effect on grain and straw yield, and protein and elements concentration, a RCBD design with 5 treatments (soil apply, leaf spraying, seed treatment, soil applying+leaf spraying and seed treatment+leaf spraying) in 3 replications was conducted at Tikmedash research station, Miyaneh, Iran. Regarding Verthic Haploxrepts soil analysis results, N, P, and K was applied from urea, Triple super phosphate and potassium sulfate bases respectively. Half of urea was dressed at seed elongation and heading stages. In soil applying method, MgSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4, CuSO4, EDDHA and H3BO3 was applied as 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, and 20 kg/ha, respectively. In leaf spraying method, micronutrient manures such as ZnSO4, MnSO4, CuSO4, FeSO4 and H3BO3 in 0.002 concentrations+0.05% urea was applied in stem elongation, heading and a week after anthesis stages. In seed treatment method a stock solution in 30% concentration of all above mentioned nutrients was prepared and sprayed on 10 kg wheat seeds, and then the seeds were sown. In soil application+leaf spraying method the 1 and 2 methods in leaf spraying and the 2 and 3 methods in seed treatment was used. During growth stages 5 irrigation was applied by sprinklers. Statistical analysis showed that the soil application+leaf spraying method increased grain and straw, protein contents and seed elements concentrations significantly, and so could be recommended. in wheat cultivation