JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CROP SCIENCES
Year:2013 | Volume:5 | Issue:20|Papers Count:12

In order to investigate the effects of irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield, seed protein and vegetative traits of Sahar cultivar of soybean, an experiment was arranged as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in khanbebin, Golestan Province during summer of 2010. Treatments were irrigation management (7, 14 and 21 days) and nitrogen application (0, 35, 70, and 105 kg per hectare) in growth stages. Nitrogen was used in vegetative stages (with first irrigation of all plots) and reproductive stage (with irrigation of all plots). Results showed that plant height and protein yield of seeds (a=1%) and below pod height, number of nodes per plant and protein percentage of seeds (a=5%) were affected by irrigation management. The highest pod height and number of branches per plant were not affected by Irrigation management. Effect of nitrogen amounts on plant height, lowest pod height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, protein percentage of seeds and protein yield of seeds were affected by nitrogen application (a=1%). Interaction between irrigation management and nitrogen application was not significant. Plant height and lowest pod height in 7-day irrigation with 79.71 and 77.23 cm were higher than the others. Number of nodes per plant in 14-day irrigation with 34.52 was higher than the others. Maximum protein percentage belonged to 21-day irrigation (40.72 %). The highest and the lowest protein yield with 1723 and 1424 kg/ha were obtained from 14 and 21 days irrigation. Minimum seed yield, plant height, the lowest and the highest pod height, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, protein percentage and protein yield with 3368, 70.64 cm, 13.54 cm, 68.18cm, 28.83, 6.156, 36.38% and 1223 kg/ha belonged to 0 kg N and maximum was obtained from 105 kg N with 77.06 cm, 14.6 cm, 76.4 cm, 35.7, 7.513, 41.51% and 1835 kg/ha respectively.

In order to investigate the irrigation regimes on the quality traits of three sunflower cultivars in response to K fertilizer of potassium sulfate source, a research was carried out in strip split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications in 1389-90. Main treatments (full irrigation, irrigation at 55 BBCH Irrigation in the 65 BBCH ), different levels of potassium sulphate fertilizer at three levels (zero, 200 and 300 Ha) as the first subplot and three sunflower genotypes called Haisson33 sunflower genotypes, records and Progress as the second sub. According the obtained results the interaction of irrigation × fertilizer on the relative moisture content of leaves and irrigation × fertilizer × cultivar interaction between the protein and oil content were significant. Maximum relative moisture content (89.26) treated by a combination of touch and the potassium content of 300 kg and the lowest relative humidity (39.66) the average stress was without potassium fertilizer. Highest percentage of protein (19.53) and oil (56.76) respectively, the intense stress of the combined rate of 300 kg fertilizer and irrigation in figure Hyson33 complete without potassium fertilizer in the same figure And the lowest percentage of protein (10.33) and oil (43.13) respectively, the combination of full irrigation without fertilizer potassium in the medium stress Hyson 33 and 300 kg of fertilizer rates were obtained from the recession. As a result oil content under drought stress relative humidity decreased but the protein increased under the stress conditions. Therefore potassium can be effective in improving the quality performance in moisture stress condition.

Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) not only provides important useful information on the number and location of loci that controls quantitative trait, but can also be used in marker assisted selection. In order to map QTLs controlling number of row per ear, number of grain per row, grain width, thickness and weight a F2:3 populations was assessed with cross K1264/1 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1-1-1 inbred lines. The polymorphism of the population was assessed by 60 microsatellite primers and categorized in three affinity groups and covered 618.2 CM of corn genome. Qualitative trait loci (QTL) analysis based on composite interval mapping for evaluated traits identified 59 QTLs. Five QTLs were identified for number of row per ear which explained 78.49% of the phenotypic variations. 19 QTLs were identified for grain width, that the first QTL with 3.49 CM distance from the phi104127 marker (on chromosome no.3) and ninth QTLs with 2 CM distance from the phi213984 (on chromosome no.4) could be used same as markers. For the number of grain per row, there was an identified one QTL which explained 17.9% of the phenotypic variations. 19 QTLs were identified for grain thickness and 15 QTLs for grain weight which explained 98.4% and 87.17% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. The identified QTLs in weight, width and grain thickness of grain and their repeated number showed the linkage in these traits. QTLs that were found in this study could be used for determining important gene locations in breeding programs.

In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of Fe, Zn, Mn and potassium on yield and vegetative traits of sunflower in different stages of growth, an experiment was conducted in Biznedeh -one of the villages in Khoy-in 2012. This research was performed as factorial based on randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 3 replications. In this research, first factor was kind of fertilizer consumption in 3 stages including: (a) foliar application of potassium plus Fe, (b) foliar application of K plus Fe and Zn and (c) foliar application of K plus Fe, Zn and Mn, and the second factor was duration of fertilizer consumption in three stages including: (I) foliar application in 12-14 leaves plus appearance of florescence (II) foliar application in appearance of florescence plus beginning of pollination and (III) foliar application in 12-14 leaves plus beginning of pollination. Results showed that kind of fertilizers had significant effect on head diameter, full seed number, seed yield and harvest index, and Total seed number, Kernal to seed and 100 seed weight didn’t have significant effect. The highest and lowest yield of seed (3498.49 and 2954.08 Kg/ha) resulted in “foliar application potassium and Fe+Zn+Mn” and “foliar application K+Fe” treatments. Also duration of foliar application had significant effect on total seed number, 100-grain weight, full seed number and seed yield. Highest and lowest seed yield (3573.49 and 2886.10 Kg/ha) observed in foliar application treatments in “appearance of florescence and beginning of pollination “and “12-14 leaves and appearance of inflorescence”. Two parameter interactions (kind of fertilizers and duration of fertilizer consumption) had significant effect on full seed number, 100-grain weight and seed yield. Considering the attained results, it is recommended- in the beginning of pollination stage and appearance of florescence- to use a combination of low consumption elements to have suitable seed yield.

To investigate the effects of plant density on grain yield and its components of corn hybrids, a split plot experiment on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the city of Eyvan, in 2008. Varieties of Ksc 704, Ksc 604 and Ksc 647 arranged as factor A and plant density at 5 levels, including 5.5, 7, 8.5, 10 and 11.5 plants per square meter were factor B. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of density on plant height and ear length from ground, was significant and the impact of these two factors on other characteristics was significant. The maximum number of rows at per ear (15.06), in hybrid of Ksc 604 was produced and density 5.5 plants per square meter with 15.13 were of the highest value. The Maximum highest total number of grains per ear (375.8) in cultivar Ksc 704 was produced and Minimum, in variety of Ksc 604 was obtained. 1000 seed weight in cultivar Ksc 604 and Ksc 704 with 278.5 and 269.4 g, had the highest and lowest rates and 1000 kernal weight from density from 5.5 to 11.5 plants per square meter showed a decreasing trend. According to the results, the variety of Ksc 704 In terms of production the highest grain yield (9196 kg ha), and density of 10 plants per square meter, was seen as the best variety and density.

To evaluate the effect of foliar application of manure extracts, bio-organic fertilizers and urea on yield and some of the seed germination parameters of mung bean that had been producted in the farm, two experiments were done at the Uremia university, during 2011. First experiment included foliar application of Nitroxin, Amino acid, Green hum, Biocrop L-45, Nutriman N24 and Mas Raiz as Organic fertilizer, Urea, water and control. Second experiment included assessed characteristics of mung bean seeds under farming treatments in three levels of salinity concentrations of sodium chloride 0 (S1), 100 (S2) and 150 (S3) mM. Results showed that, the highest (3810.8 kg ha-1) and lowest (1629.20 kg ha-1) seed yield observed in spray of Mas Raiz and Biocrop L-45 treatments, respectively. Also, plants sprayed with Amino acid had the highest 1000-seed weight (60.58 g). The maximum (16198 kg ha-1) biological yield and protein percentage (24.68) was observed in Mas Raiz, respectively. In germination experiment, the seeds mother plant in field were under foliar application of Green hum, took less time to germinate for T50 and MGT in no salinity condition (S1) and high salinity condition (S3), respectively. In no salinity condition (S1), the highest SVI observed in seeds parents in field were under Biocrop L-45 treatment. Generally, foliar application of Mas Raiz leads to increasing of yield and seed protein of mung bean. Also, seed germination parameters under salt stress, improved in seeds of mung bean plants that treated with bio-organic fertilizer.

In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract obtained from different organs of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) on the germination, speed of germination, root and shoot length, root to shoot ratio, root dry weight, shoot and seedling of corn, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in University of Kurdistan. The main plots consisted of common cocklebur organs (leaves, roots, stems, fruits, and limbs combined) and extract concentrations including 25%, 50%, 75% and control (distilled water) were arranged in sub plots. The results showed that different organs of common cocklebur, concentration and their interactions on germination percentage, speed of germination, root and shoot length, root to shoot ratio, root dry weight, corn plant seedling shoot were significant at 1% of probable level. Increase of aqueous extracts concentrations of common cocklebur different organs significantly reduced germination percentage, speed of germination, root and shoot lengths, root dry weight and shoot and root seedlings length but increased root: shoot ratio of corn. In all the studied traits the highest values belonged to control treatment.

To evaluate the effect of planting date and density on yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was conducted at Milad region; 20 Km south-western of Poldasht city. The experiment was carried out using factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors in 2011. The first factor density in three levels (6, 7 and 8 plants per square meter) and planting date in the four levels (20 May, 5 June, 20 June and 5 July) were considered as a whole. The results showed that the planting density and date effects were significant on plant height, ear Length, number of rows of seeds in ear, 100-seed weight, Biological yield and grain yield per hectare. The maximum grain yield per hectare (7.94 ton/ha) was obtained from planting density of 7 plants per square meter. For planting date, the maximum grain yield per hectare (10.39 ton/ha) was obtained from planting date of May 20th. In addition, delay cropping of corn in planting date of June 20th with grain yield (7.09 ton/ha) in this region can be applicable.

Regarding of Bermuda grass (Cynedon dactylon), common mallow (Malva parviflora), Russian knap weed (Acroptilon repense) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) especially in forage sorghum in relay cropping, an experiment was carried out to study of allelopathic effect of shoots and root extracts on germination and growth of hybrid forage sorghum var. Speedfeed, which was based on complete randomized design in 2011 year in laboratory and greenhouse of Islamic Azad University Khoy branch. The experimental treatments were: with no soluble extract (control), and 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percentage of soluble extracts of shoot and root of weeds. Second factors were four kinds of weeds containing: Bermuda grass, common mallow, Russian knaps weed and wild radish. The result of the experiment showed that weed kinds had significant effect on radical and plumule length, radical and plumule dry weights, germination percent and germination rate and number of abnormal seedlings. The highest germination percentage with 87.1% occurred in common mallow and lowest amount with 81.7% seem in Russian knap weed. The most germination percentage with 95% and the lowest germination percentage with74.4% showed in control and 2% of extract respectively. The variance analysis in greenhouse showed that weed kinds had significant effect on plant height, Stem diameter, leaf area and biomass. The maximum biomass with 75.3 gram obtained in wild radish and lowest biomass with 67.7 obtained in Russian knap weed. The weed powders had significant effect on the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and bio0mass. The most biomass with 83.42 gram and the least biomass with 58.85 gram were obtained in control treatment respectively. According to this research, Russian knap weed had more damaging effect in compensation with other weeds in this study and Bermuda grass had lowest other-damaging effect between weeds treatments.

Weed survey of irrigated Barley fields is the most important practice in weed management. Based on cultivation area in all cities of West Azerbaijan province during three years (2008- 2010) 32 sample barely fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude from sea level were recorded using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that in barley fields of west Azerbaijan province there were 38 weed species from 15 families. The results indicated that Galium aparine, Polygonum aviculare, and Chenopodium album were dominant broadleaf species in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan. Dominant grass weed species were Avena ludoviciana and Secale cereale. Convolvulus arvensis, Acroptilon repens, Cardaria draba Were the most important disturbing plants prior to harvesting in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan province.