PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2012 | Volume:7 | Issue:18|Papers Count:13

Liberalism is an idea which tends to emancipate man from any restrictions that hinder his development and bliss. By exposing the importance of freedom in Maulana and Jaspers' thoughts, it has been tried to discuss their similarities and discrepancies of human beings from different angles. Their differences, besides of specialty and mystical approach, in schools where they nurtured, that's, the dominance of culture on the environment and their hearts, is the exact distinction of East and West. Maulana was not only a philosopher but also a thorough Gnostic; man has exalted stance in his thoughts which naturally seeks freedom. Jaspers is a philosopher who considers man as an unknown being who tries to attain the existence through which to understand his freedom. From Jaspers' point of view the movement and ascendency is exclusive to man and is based on his will. But from Maulana's point of view, it not only comprises the whole creatures of the world, but also Allah's grace and will precede the man's will; and his bounty is the main development in the Almighty's way. On the important similarities between them one can allude to their emphasis on the personal experiences to prove the freedom.

Simin Daneshwar (1300–1390) was the first female story writer in Persian literature who competes, shoulder by shoulder, with the male story writers. Long years she was exposed to the ups and downs of political, cultural, and literal developments and in significant part of these years she lived with her husband Jalal Al Ahmad. Their presence in the literary movement and their impact on the intellectualism of their time cannot be ignored. All these factors caused her life to be of special characteristics.Daneshwar tried to deal with woman in her stories and most of the characters of her stories are women. Noticing and dealing with the lives of the women had a background in narrative literature of Iran before Daneshwar; with the distinction that the kind and characters of women in her stories are different from the other writers'. In her works, women, are mainly divided into two categories: the aristocrat women and pains-taking, inferior, bereaved, and those who work for upper-class women and in this way they relate to each other. Occasionally the sympathetic feeling of wealthy women includes the second class ones. The middle-class Iranian society rarely is seen in Daneshwar's stories and her outlook domain is restricted to the two-mentioned classes.

The prose of scientific and literary books which have been written in different contexts of humanities, have allocated separate discussions, in the contemporary literature, to themselves and it is necessary, by studying and researching in them, to extract their finer points and niceties as the modern style of writing and teach them to the younger generation. These styles of writing which have a special distinction over the common, vulgar, and newspaper styles, have been created by the writers who have delved into the past texts and through the years of writing and exercise, have founded individual distinctions in their own styles. Eslami Nodooshan's elegant and experienced style is very noticeable in this domain. Besides his seasoned prose, the type of his thoughts and his endeavor to link the young generation of today with the cultural foundations of the past has endowed his works a special privilege.

Of the traditional lyricists who kept the lyricism, in its old manner up to the contemporary era, living and through it promoted the styles like: Araghi, Hindi, and Tehrani, a group of lyricists, with their initiatives, opened the way in lyricism. Developments and innovations made by the lyricists, such as Manuchehri Neyestani, Simin Behbahani, and Hossein Monzavi in the elements of different lyrics (e.g. language, rhythm, imagination, illustration, ….) led to the appearance of new types of lyricism in a way that can guarantee its survival in present and future times.In this essay, I have tried to represent a fraction of Monzavi's innovations and initiations as one of the entrepreneurs and pioneers in modern lyricism, and show the factors of signs of this new approach in lyrics. Therefore, we'll deal with those characteristics of inflexion, syntax, rhetorics and music which distinguishes his lyricism from different traditional lyrics and makes them similar with modern poetry.

One of the most valuable ancient Persian works is the Mathnavi of Wayce and Ramin; it can be considered as love poetry with a special kind of fantasy whose theme is love and friendship which is the product of individual imagination that could develop the fantastic elements within the process of the story in it.The conspicuousness of the elements of fantasy, especially of the appearance of fantastic situations in the Mathnavi of Wayce and Ramin seems very weak and colorless at the beginning of the story, but they gradually enjoy the colorful appearance and cohesion of fantastic situations. It must be noted that Fakhroddin As'ad Gorgani, as the composer of this Persian literature masterpiece, has tried to progress the story, rather than utilizing its fantastic elements. Anyhow, this old story has a special affinity with the literal grace of fantasy. We can daresay that this is one of the main appealing aspects of this story throughout the years of its composition.It has been tried, in this research, to survey and analyze the elements of fantasy in the Wayce and Ramin so that its supernatural characters, settings and creatures could be separated one by one.

This essay introduces Moztarre Zonuzi, a powerful but unknown poet and literary man who lived 150 years ago in Tabriz and composed 'the Golzare Bahar' in 1300 a.h. (lunar). He revised his book of poetry (diwan) in 1326 and corrected its errors. This book is very valuable in the style of writing, language of expression, technical and applicable terms in the time of the writer, rhyming prose, and historical information. 'The Golzare Bahar' has 47 lyrics in Farsi and Turkish; and due to the extensive familiarity of the composer with the different sciences, it has a valuable stance and can have a special place in the literary history of the constitution and have appealing feature in the development of rhyming prose. The main text of the book lies in four visages and its poems in the margins of the book have made it a valuable book which is like a bride, covered in the curtain of precious drapery of time. It will be a good opportunity to dress it in colorful brocade and offer to the critical research of the great literary men.

The story of Salaman and Absal has root in Greek and in the time of transferring sciences, and translation of Hellenistic books, it was translated into Arabic. Jami, in the 9th century, by using the instructive and appealing stories and allegories, composed the story and endowed to it a special and mellifluous theme. Although it is considered a philosophical and mystical story, the surveillance of its elements indicates Jami's artistic taste and his ability in story-telling. One cannot grasp the implications of the story unless he delves into its structure and components. Definitely, one must look technically and artistically into his literary legacy to know that in creating a subject what elements have been used. Analyzing the parts of a story helps us to know its background of recognition and reflects its weak and strong points.It's been tried, in this essay, to discuss briefly the gradual changes of the story up to the 9th century, deliberately explore the elements of the story such as: plot, character, characterization, narrator, the visual angle, and setting to distinguish Jami's story process and his techniques in story-telling.

Jamshid is one of the mythological kings of Iran. Some people believe that he was the consanguineous son of Tahmooras, others call him his brother and the third groups argue that he was Tahmooras' nephew. In his monarchy, the countries of the world became thoroughly prosperous. Some, even, believe that he was the first man who understood the science of medicine. According to Tabary, his life-span was 700 years, others believe he worshipped Allah for 617 years after which he claimed to be a prophet. Zahhak, the Arabian, attacked him and Jamshid could not resist and fled away. Some historians say his monarchy lasted for 700 years and lived for 1000 years. One of the books that reports about Jamshid's life is the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.Jamshid's story, no doubt, is one of the mystical stories of the Shahnameh. Looking at this from the view point of mysticism, one concludes that Jamshid is a symbol of Soleyman, the man whose affinity posed in the Holy Qur'an is less than the Solomon talked about in the scripture and mystical texts. Because according to the Moslem belief, Soleyman was a prophet and consequently innocent who is away from guilt. But the Solomon, presented in the Bible, is a king who became an atheist who deviated from the right path and his government was collaped and annihilated.

A monotheist, in one hand, must attain the unity of God through the seeking assistance, and on the other hand, in the frame of the order of universe must refer to the prudence of divinity and get help from it. The unification of these apparently opposing to each other is that, referring to it should be done figuratively and the truth and the essence of seeking assistance must be merely from the cause of phenomena. Maulavi, as a genius who was aware of religious sciences, has occupied himself with it. He wants to have a piercing vision to make him watch the beauty of the cause of the created beings. No doubt the concept of monotheism to get assistance from a powerful mind has not brought Maulavi to fatalistic hallucination, and has not prevented him from thinking of the world of phenomena but by using the pure anecdotes of the Holy Qur'an has collected the necessity of referring to cause with the exalted concept of monotheism in a beautiful way.

Khajooye Kermani, the great poet of the 18th century (a. h.), besides lyricism and composing ode and poems in pentameter, has a mathnavi which describes the bravery and love affairs of Saam Nariman, the ancestor of the world champion–Rostam, which is called the Saam Nameh. Some researchers have cast doubt on its attribution to Khajoo. By comparison of the Homay and Homayoon and the Saam Nameh, one can conclude that both of them are in fact one story, with similar poems and unified story which only in the names of some main heroes they differ from each other, and it seems that the poet had composed the Saam Nameh, and later, by keeping the elements of the story, and altering the names of the characters and some places, and omitting some unreal and secondary stories like fighting with Demons and Fairies and wonders of the land and the sea, has presented the Homay and Homayoon in 4407 lines instead of the Saam Nameh with 14500 lines. The structure of stories, their similarities and alteration of their names and scenes of the events have been discussed in this essay.

Psychological criticism is one of the branches of literary criticism that became current after culmination of psychologists' researches, especially "Sigmund Freud", a well-known Austrian psychologist, in the early 20th century. This is a useful way to understand the second meaning of a text which originates from the unconscious mind.Psychological criticism of the literary works is accomplished in three domains: 1. Text analysis 2. Analysis of characters in a story or a film, 3. Analysis of the mind and character of an artist. In this paper, based on the second type, we have dealt with the analysis of the major characters in "The Edrisi's House" and have benefited from the valid psychological notions, especially Freud's ideas. For this purpose we have posed an introduction on psychological criticism and exposition of Freud's ideas about conscious and unconscious mind, and then have looked at the background of the literature of psychology in the contemporary literary story-telling in Iran. Then, we've offered a brief biography of "Ghazaleh Alizadeh" and introduced 'The Edrisi's House'; later, having talked about the role and the stance of three distinguished characters of the novel: (Mrs. Edrisi, Laga, and Wahhab) individually, we've analyzed their psychology. This criticism and analysis shows that Ghazaleh Alizadeh has much attention on the psychoanalysis of his characters; and critical analysis can be very useful and effective in understanding the hidden and profound meanings of her stories.