PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:19|Papers Count:9

It has been tried, in this essay, to deal with the extent of the impact which is the obvious characteristics of the Naturalistic School between literature and society in the contemporary and constitutional poetry. To attain this, we'll give a brief description of the Naturalism and then offer the origin of the development of this phenomenon in the western school of Naturalism. Since the literary environment cannot be detached from the impact of social environment, the poetry of the constitutional era which was thoroughly influenced by its social and political milieu, was in turn surveyed and it was shown that the poetry of this period was of the most realistic and most social poetry of Iranian literary times. Later, we'll allude to the ties of literature with the society in details and conclude that some of the cotemporary poets were affected from this school in a way that one can explicitly find traits of social naturalism in some of their poetry. In any case, contemporary poetry, in any condition, either directly or as a symbolic pattern, didn't cut its bonds from the community.

Food is of primary requirements for man's life and its impact has been obvious in all dimensions of human existence; that's why its importance has not been overlooked from the view points of mysticism. Mystics have considered the food, like other items around them with an exclusive view which is originated from their special ideas, and talked about its ceremony, offer, and recommendation. They have also benefited from food and other relative problems in their allegories. One of the basic recommendations of Sufi leaders to their disciples was about the hunger which has different dimensions. This essay is dealing with the abovementioned matters.

Ahmad Mahmood is one of the most distinguished contemporary novelists in Iran. He is a pioneer in the writing of novels in the southern regions of Iran. Regarding the bulky volumes of the novels with numerous characters from different ranks of society, a wide range of these characters is comprised of women. We have chosen 55 noticeable characters from 5 novels of Ahmad Mahmood in this research. Fifteen of the 55 abovementioned characters are central and the rest is of secondary characters. Most of the women in these novels are from lower ranks of society with little literacy and the literate women are very limited. That's to say, the round and even the flat characters have been so well described that are conformed with the environment, geography, and climate. Ahmad Mahmood has illustrated the Iranian society from the Pahlavi era (shahrivar 1320 to the victory of revolution and early months of Iran-Iraq war) from the point of view of diversity of classes, illiteracy, deprivation, plundering of national assets of that time. The art of the writer, in illustrating and dealing with the characters are appealing from the view of internal and external characteristics, deed, behavior, language, tone, and atmosphere is highly acceptable.

Talking about the Iranian's contemporary literature, we find Forough Farrokhzad's name shining as a bright star in the sky of this period's poetry; and her name has become proverbial among the literary men; and an abundant number of books and essays have been allocated to her works. We have tried, in this article, to survey the theme of seclusion and isolationism in her life and poetry and answer the following questions:1. Why is Forough Farrokhzad, one of the greatest Iranian's contemporary poets, a seclusive one?2. Regarding the position and conditions of society and life of the time, how has she been influenced by seclusion in her poetry?3. How are the concepts and themes related to this subject in Forough's poetry? How has she tried to release herself from this hopelessness?

Image is considered as the smallest unit which makes up poetry. Gaston Bachelard sets "the poet's imagination which is beyond the analysis of literary illustration" as a basis for his speculation. He considers his imaginations based on the four elements of water, wind, fire, and soil which were propounded in the old oriental civilization, and takes it as a mold to deliberate the effective elements on the writer's imagination. To endow a materialistic structure to the creative imagination of the poet and the artist, he utilizes the ancient patterns of mythology and through that process he finds out a collection of complexes, which can in reality be considered as the manifestation of the four ancient elements. Therefore, these old patterns are regarded as bases which represent the standard frames used by the poets and writers' imagination. Nima Yooshij, in his poetry "The Phoenix", poses the archaic pattern of" rebirth" by which an illustration is created based on the element of fire and is visualized in a firing form in the conscious mind of the reader. The aim of this essay is to analyze the concept of hidden fire in Nima Yooshij's phoenix by relying on Gaston Bachelard's point of view in this domain.

Maulana Jalaloddin Mohammad Maulavi is one of the mystics and great men of this territory. He composed his valuable "The Mathnawi" to teach his disciples and other readers. Sanai is also of the great and impressive poets in Persian Literature. Sanai's influence on the other poets lasted for centuries and caused the Persian Literature to follow a new path. However, we encounter in both "The Mathnawi" and "The Hadiga" with repulsive jests which are sometimes accompanied with weak and obscene words.We are trying, in this research, to describe satire and humor from the view point of some authorities and elaborate this point that Maulana Jalaloddin Balkhi and Hakim Sanai have benefited from humor and satire to teach excellent ethical and mystical points.

Between the two processes of self-attainment and saliency, the formalists take the latter as the cause of the literary language. It becomes feasible in two forms: deviation from the automatic rules dominant to language, and addition of some rules to the ones which overrule it. In this way saliency appears in two methods, that's, deviation from norms and addition to the rules. Even though its purpose is never to keep side track from the normative grammatical rules, some of them lead to non-grammatical structures and can't be considered as art creativity. In this essay we have dealt with some of the saliencies in Nezami's poetry (Khosrow and Shirin / Leili and Majnoon).In the present analysis, the saliencies existing in Nezami's poetry have been surveyed in four parts:1. vocabulary norm deviation, 2. Syntactic general rule, 3. Dialectic norm deviation, and 4. Accumulative rule.

“Da” is a book to the form of biography and its about the young girl is come from Khorramshahr, she is a teenage girl who attacked Iraqi forces to the States are directly involved with the war and the courageous defense of home people.Although most of the biographical book bears the effects of moving the show and has a story. Most elements of the story (Theme, characterization, point of view, space, tone, structure, etc ), and proper use of a number of them, because of space and describes the scene, to helped to convey the message and meaning of work.This paper discusses on the investigation of story characteristics in Da book, meaningful function in story characteristics for studying the howness of changes and recreation of a real case (biography) attractively, effective and enjoyable to be read in the framework of a story.