SOCIOLOGY OF WOMEN (JOURNAL OF WOMAN AND SOCIETY)
Year:2020 | Volume:10 | Issue:4 (40) |Papers Count:15

Among the legal provisions that have addressed the issue of child marriage in Iranian law, Article 1041 of the Civil Code is significant. According to this Article, child marriage before reaching the legal age in Iran is provided to the permission of the father (as guardian) and considering the best interest of child as determined by competent court, without providing the precise definition of “ The Interest of child” , “ legal Guardian” or the accepted reasons for permission given by father. Since the concept of “ The interest of child” is subject to various economic, social, cultural and religious factors in Iran, it is possible that courts allow child marriage only because of the custom of that region or only because of physical puberty or simply because of father’ s permission. Since, there is different interpretation of the concept of “ interest of child” in different courts; therefore, judicial procedure-as one of the important sources of law making in Iran-plays a crucial role to resolve this ambiguity, clarify the meanings and protecting children. This study has been conducted using a qualitative research methodology by interviewing judges, studying and analyzing the cases and examining the context in which the children lives, it evaluates and analyses the reasons that cause judges to allow child marriage. Finally it concludes that allowing child marriage typically doesn’ t consider and reflect the interest of children and will cause personal-social and physical-mental damages for them.

The process of modernization and the resulting feminist social activities during the Pahlavi period in Iran (1941-1979) were confronted with the clerical thoughts and religious intellectualism. In this paper, the writers have selected four books on marriage written before the 1979 Islamic revolution and adopted a discourse analytical approach to identify the discourses on marriage and the features of an ideal woman for marriage at that time. The paper also is to answer the question whether socio-cultural changes of the time affected the discourses on marriage or not. To study the texts, Laclau and Mouffe’ s discourse theory (1985) and the discourse semiotics methodology developed by Soltani (2013) were used as the theoretical framework. The findings show that the Islamic and religious discourse on marriage is rooted in an essentialist view of the concept of marriage and have considered “ reproduction” as of one of the important goals of marriage. In addition, this discourse assumes an ideal woman for marriage to be self-controlled, sensitive and emotional, satisfier of men’ s sexual needs, and a dedicated mother. Furthermore, the public discourse on marriage is also based on an essentialist view of marriage and characterizes an ideal woman as beautiful, dignified and a boss at home. Both of the discourses were heavily under the influence of the Islamic discourse and clerical thoughts common at that time in Iran.

In modern society, the body has particular importance. Individuals manipulate and change their outward features to build social body that is accepted by society. The purpose of this study is to identify status of social acceptability in the conceptual model of women's body management and their life satisfaction. The research was conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Data collection techniques, unstructured interviews and required data were collected from interviews with 15 women living in Gorgan who had experience of managing the body. Interviewee’ s selection was done with targeted sampling method which requires use of sequential sampling technique called snowball method. In this study, triangulation validity was used. According to the findings, the conditions of this study were identified as social comparison, conformity with others and partiality and sensitivity. The core concept of social acceptance that has emerged in the context of alternatives to deficiencies limitations and deprivations, marriage and childbirth as a hindrance to beautiful organs, body anxiety and the belief in gender segregation. Isolation, organizational acceptance, peer group acceptance, social status, and fear of rejection were identified as intervening conditions, and eventually women were identified using strategies to increase body monitoring, maintain and pursue beauty, and enhance the attractiveness of outcomes such as acquisition. Life satisfaction, body censorship, the emergence of a good mental state, the development of social relationships, the pursuit of opportunities and privileges in life, and the achievement of my desired purpose.

One of the most important issues of any society is Women's Roles and the Society's Attitudes towards the Status of these Roles. Hence, this study seeks to assess factors affecting the Attitudes towards the Status of Women's Roles in Kashan city. Survey Methods is used in this study and using Cochran's formula and Simple Random Sampling, 250 people were selected as research sample. Results indicate that: There is meaningful relationship between Attitudes towards the Women's Community Involvement, Attitudes towards the Biological Condition of Women, Valuing Women's Work, Attitudes towards the Women's Financial Independence, Attitudes towards the Public Policy for Women, Family Power Structure, and the Variable of Attitudes towards the Women's Social Status. But there are no meaningful relationships between the variables of Gender Socialization, Socio-Economic Status, the extent of Respondents' Religiosity and Religious Beliefs, and the Variable of Attitudes towards the Women's Social Status. Results of Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis also shows that among the first six Independent Variables, three first variables, namely Attitudes towards the Women's Community Involvement, Attitudes towards the Biological Condition of Women, Valuing Women's Work, have entered into the Regression Equation and other variables are removed from the equation. In conclusion, we can say that Attitudes towards the Women's Social Status mostly is affected by those three variables; however, the next three variables have an indirect relationship with the dependent variable in this study.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the consequences and reasons of women entering men's jobs. this study is qualitative research and The use of grounded theory was considered to achieve this goal. The field of research was women working in men's jobs. The sampling was Purposeful and participants were selected by theoretical snowball method. Semi-structured interview questionnaire with six questions was used for data collection and coding method including open, axial and selective coding was used for data analysis. Their most pressing problems were "dissonance with family role expectations and gender discrimination. " Respondents, respecting, encouraging, paying more attention to women, indifference to women stated the most important customer response to first dealing with women, and the reaction of other co-workers. Women considered social benefits, good management and tenure in executive positions, power, job security, economic, cultural, social dimension and the need for presence in society to be the benefits of women entering men's jobs. Psychological factors, communication issues, being away from the family, inadequate time for the family, physical injuries, and abusive behaviors can be considered as injuries to women entering these jobs.

The importance of relationship beliefs and patterns in shaping and determining the quality of couple’ s relationships is undeniable. This beliefs like any other variables derived from many factors such as internal processes and personality characteristics as well as environmental factors and social texture. The purpose of the present study is investigation the role of family-of-origin function and neuroticism in relationship beliefs of divorce applicant couples. In this research that is a correlation study, from the divorce applicant couples in Ardebil city, 200 person were selected using the purposive sampling method. The instruments used in this study were neuroticism subscale of the Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) (McCrae and Costa, 1985), Family of origin Scale (Hovestadt and et al, 1985) and relationship Beliefs inventory (Eidelson and Epstein, 1982). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise regression method. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between couple’ s beliefs and neuroticism. Among the components of the family-of-origin function, the components of expressiveness, respect and conflict resolution have a negative and significant relationship with couples' relationship beliefs. The results of regression analysis also showed that neuroticism and explicit expression and trust components were the best predictors of the relationship beliefs of couples. Of course, neuroticism has a greater role in explaining of that beliefs. The results of present study showed that low levels of neuroticism and family-of-origin’ s normal function can predict effective relationship beliefs that the result of this issue is reduction of marital conflicts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural pattern of job isolation with intention to leave by mediation of self-efficacy, job satisfaction and job Burnout of female principals in abadeh city. the type of this research was applied based on purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of implementation technique. The statistical population consisted of female principals of Abadeh school (n = 60). The whole population was selected by census sampling method. To collect data from Dussault & Thibodeau (1997) job isolation questionnaires; Tschannen-Moran and Gareis (2004) self-efficacy; Shirom and Melamed (2006) job burnout; Becharach (1988) job satisfaction and for intention to leave, Weisberg (1994) used. Data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS software using structural equation modeling test. Analysis of the model quality showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fit. The results of structural equations showed that job isolation on self – efficacy(β =-0. 061), job satisfaction(β =-0. 098), job Burnout(β =0. 744), intention to leave(β =0. 446) And also job satisfaction on job burnout(β =-0. 274) has a direct effect. Also job isolation through self-efficacy(β =0. 378), job satisfaction(β =0. 125), job Burnout(β =0. 290) on intention to leave has indirect(mesidate) effect. The results showed that job isolation was negatively relation with self-efficacy and job satisfaction, and have positive and significant relationship with job burnout and work intention. Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and burnout also mediate the relationship between job isolation and intention to leave.

This article reviews new forms of citizens' rights in cities from the perspective of gender and their relation to everyday life in urban public spaces. The method used in this research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of survey method is descriptive-analytical and correlation. The research method of this study is scrolling and measurement tool is a five-choice questionnaire based on Likert scale. Validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been provided through visual and content validity. In the design and arrangement process and with the approval of experts, the quantity and quality of the questionnaire was confirmed. In the reliability discussion of the instrument, the Cronbach's alpha method was used which the results confirm that the values of all alpha coefficients are at a good level. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula equal to 267 people which were selected using a combination of cluster sampling and proportional classification. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS 24 software. Regarding to model indices, it can be argued that the proposed model has a good conformity and a good conformity between the structured model and the experimental data. In the explanation section, the results of the research showed that There is a meaningful and direct relationship between the independent variables of the right to the city with the dependent variable of gender equity and the significant difference in the benefit of women and men from the right to the city.

Rahman Aramideh, Simindokht Rezakhani(corresponding Author) rezakhani@riau. ac. ir The purpose of this study was to predict the expectation of marriage based on personality traits and attachment styles in single girls undergraduate students at Tehran University in the second semester of the academic year 1397-1396. In this research, which was correlational, 240 people were selected through multi-stage random sampling. Participants responded to McCrae and Costa's Personality Character Questionnaire (1985), Hazen and Sheaver Attachment Styles (1987), and the expectations of Jones and Nelson (1996) marriage. The results obtained using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multivariate regression showed that attachment styles can predict 43. 7% of the realistic expectations, 16. 7% of the ideological expectations and 10% of the pessimistic expectation of marriage. Personality traits can also predict 4. 5% of realistic expectations, 5. 8% of the idealist expectations and 5. 6% of pessimistic expectations of marriage. Both variables of attachment styles and personality traits can expect 48. 4% of realistic expectations, 22. 5% of idealistic expectations and 15. 6% of pessimistic expectations of marriage in the sample group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the views of high school girl students about socio-educational criteria to choose a nongovernmental school. The research method was quantitative and descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of eleventh – grade girl students of nongovernmental schools in Firoozabad. Sample size with the same population was 119 students. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including 4 social components (educational issues, motivational affairs, teachers' characteristics and school outcomes) and 5 educational components (physical and educational facilities, educational quality, information technology, school management and constant evaluation) with 45 indicators. Data analysis was done by single sample t-test and Friedman ranking test. The results showed that students considered the school management component as the most important criterion for choosing a nongovernmental school. Also, the characteristics of teachers and motivational issues were placed in the next priorities. In addition, the familiarity of the school principal with the scientific methods of management, the availability of specialized teachers and the permanent communication between parents and teachers were important for students. In general, social standards with an average of 5. 04 and educational criteria with an average of 5. 00 were involved in the selecting of the school.

Today, mass media, including radio, television, newspapers, satellite and the Internet, play a key role in advertising. In this research, entitled "The Impact of Media Promotion (TV) on women's attitudes towards the consumption of household goods by the central organization of Islamic Azad University", was referred to documents, books, magazines and the internet in exploratory studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of television advertising on the selection of household goods, the impact of advertising on the increase in the tendency to purchase and consumption, as well as the relationship between education and average income and attention to advertising. A survey method has been used for research method. A questionnaire with Likert spectrum was used for the research instrument. The statistical population consisted of female employees of Central Organization of Islamic Azad University. The sample size was 317 with Morgan table and 350 people were considered for credit. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results of the surveys showed that the research hypotheses were confirmed at the level of completely significant. According to the results, the effect of advertising on the consumption of household goods was confirmed by respondents.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion on cognitive flexibility of female-headed households. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design according to control group. The statistical population of this study comprised of whole women heads of households of Rasht city in the year of 2015. Among them thirty persons were selected available sampling method and randomly from this society assigned to two experimental (15 persons) and control groups (15 persons). The experimental group had received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of cognitive self-compassion program. Cognitive flexibility questionnaire used to data gathering. Data were analyzed Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The results showed that after adjusting the pretest scores, the difference between the test and control groups was significant at the alpha level of 0. 01. Therefore, a research hypothesis based on the effectiveness of cognitive self-efficacy on the increase of cognitive counseling components among female head of household and the difference between the group Testing and control were ensured in terms of the cognitive flexibility of post-test flexibility. So, we can conclude that Cognitive self-compassion Program has a significant effect on Cognitive Flexibility of female-headed households, than it can be used as useful method for improving the quality of life in female-headed households.

Gender inequality is one of the inequalities that women suffer in the world in general and in Iran in particular. The present study uses theories in this field such as theories; gender socialization, gender inequalities, sociology in the form of consciousness of the thirty Wright Mills, Collins Contradiction Theory, Bloomberg Gender Inequality Theory, Chapters Gender Equality Theory, Gender Equity Theory and Physiological Barriers Theory is based on an analytical model to explain the perception of gender inequality in sport. Based on research model, independent variables, socio-Economic, values and norms Social, pattern of parents, type of exercise, women, women's education, using the media as dependent variables affecting the perception of inequality in sports were selected. The method of this study was to use a survey method among female athletes at the national and transnational level as a statistical population. 200 of them were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. The findings of the research were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and path analysis. Results of multiple regression analysis showed variables; socio-economic status, social values and norms, parental modeling, women's education and media use respectively The most effect on the dependent variable has been investigated and, in total, more than 48% of the variations of the function variable have been explained.

Empirical evidence suggests that the presence of women in the board increases the quantity and quality of public disclosure. In this regard, the expectation is that increasing the gender diversity in the board of directors will reduce information asymmetry. Therefore, the present study sought to use data about the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample includes 173 companies that have been accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange between 2007 and 2016. Linear regression analysis of panel data was used to test statistical hypotheses. The results of the research show that there is a negative relationship between the gender diversity shown by the presence of women in the composition of the board and the information asymmetry based on the price gap and size of the company. The overall result of this research suggests that if monitoring tools, such as the presence of women in the composition of the board, are desirable and in line with the principles raised in this research, can reduce the information asymmetry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and explain the violence, penalties and limitations of women in the Iranian society of Safavid era and relying on the sources of travel magazine. The method of research in this research is historical-analytical and data collection is done by the library method. The main tool of the research is the reference to the logbooks of that period. Finally, based on the findings from the sources of inference, explanation and analysis have been made. This research studies the status of women in two groups of women and ordinary women. The findings of this research show that: women were the main victims of the traditional and patriarchal system of Iranian society of Safavid era. In that period, there was no difference between women of the upper classes (court) and ordinary women in society, in order to protect men from violence or to have freedom of action. The penalties imposed on women were strongly enforced, and class affiliation did not have much effect on the severity of this punishment. In essence, women were considered second-class elements in Iranian society as Safavid era, and lacked any independence or security (against men). Power sources It was entirely in the hands of men, and this led to violence, cruel punishment and restrictions on women.