Year:2001 | Volume:14 | Issue:1 (50 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:19

Frequency distribution (tree number, basal area ...) is the representative of many important information about forest situation and environmental factors. These factors, are reflected by forest structure, has several usage in forest management, silviculture and determining how to raise forest stands. The structure as a variable is described by frequency data of tree number, basal area, etc. This study has performed in second regeneration area(2nd unit-share) of Neka-Zalem Rud forest project; containing 40 parcels. Upon the project all parcels should managed under the same method but until inventory time hadn't been harvested. Sampling network laid by systematic-random method with 150 x 200 meter sizes and sampling plots on network crosses in a circle form with 17.84 meter in radial. Each parse I has been considerate as an information unit. Plot datas inserted in computer (Spss and Qpro under Win). Statistical and distribution criterion were estimated and computed by graphical and mathematical methods. Results indicates that in order to illustrate comprehensive forest situation: firstly, distribution criterion of certain variables such as tree number, basal area at BH for each stand should be estimated; secondly descriptive variables should be calculated and finally forest types are recognized according to distribution graphs and descriptive variables. Each class will be the base of future planning’s. Thus using each of the first or second step separately will cause deviations in results and judgments.

To study of the dry matter yield of Berseem clover at intercropping with cotton, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design in 1998 at Hashemabad station, Gorgan. The main plots were two planting arrangements of cotton (60x 27 and 80x 20cm), and subplots were the factoriel of three seed rates of berseem clover (15,25 and 35 kg/h) and three planting time (the onset of flowering, full flowering, and the first harvest of cotton). The mean comparison of two planting arrangement showed that the dry matter yield of berseem clover was higher with planting arrangement of 60x27cm than 80x 20cm. 25kg/ha seeds of be seem clover showed best performance from the view of forage production and the best planting date was at full flowering stage of cotton.

In this work, we collected and determined medicinal, aromatic, pastural and rare plants species from three protected regions of the Isfahan province including Kolah-Ghazi's National Park, Mouteh and Ghamishlou Wildlife Sanctuaries, located respectively in 26 Km SE, 95-155 Km NW and 25 Km NW of Isfahan city. Analyses of the flora of these regions show that, there are 459,511 and 493 vascular plants species respectively in the Kolah-Ghazi, Mouteh and Ghamishlou areas. Main natural and floristic characteristics of these regions are reported briefly. The results of these study show that, in total, about 90 medicinal, aromatic and industrial plant species, about 44 grasses, 22 legumes, 53 forbs, and 23 tree and shrub species exist in these protected areas. Furthermore, threatened species of these regions have been analysed, according to the IUCN criteria. The most important criteria for determination of the rare species categories have been evaluated. On the basis of this study, four categories of rare species so called endangered, vulnerable, lower risk and data deficient are determined and list of these species have been presented. This study show that, there are in total, 54 threatened plant species in this three protected areas. Finally, we discussed similarities floristic composition, and species richness of these areas.

Participations both a popular objective and a vital process of development Participations a situation which is related to phenomena and nomen. Different activities encompass levels as well as objectives of participation. Planning for effective participation requires an understanding of the components comprise it. In this research the focus is on levels and types of traditional participation, on participation related to planned development activities, and in particular, on participation related to watershed management projects. Morever, examination the variables and factors affecting actional participation related to watershed management projects is the most important goal of this research.The methodological features are:1)The statistical society: people residence in rural areas of Lorestan province.2) Sample size: 337 sample unites3) Type of sampling: Probability sampling 4) Methods of selection the sample unites:Multi - phase cluster sampling and simple random sampling.5) Method of research: Survey.6) Procedures of data collection: Structured interview, and precise observation.7) Levels of statistical analysis:- Descriptive explanatory analysis- Bivariate explanatory analysis- Multivariate explanatory analysis8) The Statistical methods used for, analysis:- Logit regression method- Multiple regression model- Factor analysis- Principal component analysis Final conclusions are:1) Traditional participation is popular and institutionalized between all of sample, unites.2) Participation in development projects is , 80% and the real participation in this ( projects is 57%.3) Participation in watershed management projects is about 37%.4) The independent variables and factors which that significantly related to dependent.variable including as follow: A) The knowledge component such as understanding level of rangeland, forests. and catchment basins benefits. Expected benefits in participation. , People's interests in the utilization of catchment basins, and B)The Governmental activities component such as training and expansional activities Governmental conservation activities.C) Number of development projects. D) Natural and environmental necesserities for watershed management projects. 5) This variables and components explained about 0.73 common variance 6) The coefficient of multiple correlation, R-squared and adjusted R-squared are 89%, 76% and 73% respectively.

Clonal identification of some poplar species is carried out using morphological and phonological characters. This approach does not render a proper differentiation. The goal of this work was to produce molecular patterns which may be useful for clonal identification using the Random P. Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAP D) technique Twelve poplar clones namely 3 of Populus alba, 3 of P. nigra, 3 of P. euphratica, and 3 of P. deltoides were screened in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of the cited species and clones. Reaction conditions including MgC12 genomic DNA, dNTPs, Primers, Taq DNA polymerase, denaturation, annealing and extension temperature and durations were optimized to get resolved and reproducible band patterns Amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gel and detected by staining with ethidium bromide From the 10 random DNA primers tested, only primers including OPN06, OPC04, OPA 16 and DECA 7 were information to differentiate poplar species. Two of the primers; OPC04 and OPN06 produced polymorphic bands for all clones. The results indicate that the RAPD technique is an adequate tool to obtain DNA fingerprints for clonal identification.

This research was undertaken on the title of study at relationship between vegetation, run off volume, and erosion of range in the two geographic aspects, in the tram work of a RCBD in 1998-1999. In this geographic aspects (A) are as main plot and the grazing intensity as sub-plot. Dimension of sub-plots were 22 m x 1.8 m. The reservoirs were installed in down stream of each plot tor collecting run off and sediment. After any rainfall should be estimated existing run off in the reservoir. Also to determine rate of sediment, samples of run-off should be earring out to laboratory then was determinate rate of sediment. Analysis of variance was done, since ten rainfalls in 1998-1999 which obtained the results can be summerized as follow. In view sedimentation volume, observed that southern slope (2.2 gr/m2) and P= 0.01 was the higher than western slope (0.15 gr/m2). Also overgrazing cutting and pouching treatment (with 2.12, 1.78, 1.62 gr/m2) was the higher than standard grazing (with 0.12 gr/m2) and exclosure (with 0.24 gr/m2) treatment. Finally southern slope with overgrazing (35.8 gr/m2), with cutting (27.6gr/m2) was the higher than other treatments. The results showed which in view sedimentation 0.58 gr/m2 and the western slope with increase each liter of run-off there was sedimentation 0.58 gr/m2 and the western slope sedimentation 0.174 gr/m2. In condition of ploughing treatment with to increase each liter of runoff there was sedimentation 0.71 gr. In the end of with to increase each liter of run off there was sediment 4.3 gr in the rainfall No 9 and southern slope treatment with ploughing treatments and there was sediment 4.2 in the rainfall No.9 and souther slope with overgrazing treatment.

In passing of 2 past decade, planning of grasses plenty expanded, in our country, and creation of unique cover of grasses is important in enhancement of beauty environment and home and attention from turf - grasses. Plant growth inhibitors especially, maleic hydrazide were used for decline of furrow potential and requirement payments for keeping grasses and regulation of grass growth. Length, fresh and dry weight of grasses were measured in 2 time (15 and 30 days after treatment by maleic hydrazide).The content of proteins, soluble sugers, chla, chlb and chla+b were determined (30 days after treatment). The results were shown that increasing of content of maleic hydrazide caused decreasing of lenght and fresh weight in 3 grasses. The content of dry weight was stable, approximately. Increasing of maleic hydrazide content in barbal were caused decreasing of chla, chlb and chla+b only in 3 kg/ha maleic hydrazide in barzane and bermuda grass, increasing of chla and chlb content were shown, and in other concentrations of maleic hydrazide, decreasing of pigment contents were show. The content of shoot proteins were increased and content of soluble sugers were decreased for the reason that maleic hydrazide stress. By notice to these results, we understand that increasing of maleic hydrazide concentrations caused decreasing of growth, picked out of grasses and costs in this case, but for the reason that decreasing of pigment contents and of quality of grasses, high concentrations of maleic hydrazide were not suggested. From among of three grasses, barbal were introduced for the reason that optimal growth response to maleic hydrazide but from the view point of green colour and quality of cultured grasses qualified mention.

Having knowledge of the ways and functions of water spreading systems and their effects on the ground water resources as a new vector along with other natural factors -influencing the recharge of aquifers are among the most important activities that could be easily assessed in managing water spreading and aquifers recharge projects. To this end and in order to study Suran region ground water table fluctuations and the factors affecting the changes and also studding the role of aquifers maintenance project in the recharge of above mentioned aquifer Suran region all existing data and information up to the year 1377 have been collected revised and analyzed. According to the results obtained from the years 64-73 the slump of the aquifer table have been increasingly continued. Based on the ground water table calculations, the amount of the slump in the years 64, 68 and 73 have been 35, 61 and 80 centimeters respectively. Meanwhile it's hydrographs in the time range of Mehr 1370 up to the end of 1373 indicate on the average an annual slump of 75 centimeters confirming the results presented by the hydro climatology c balance calculations of the year 73. An u, unperfected increase in the rainfalls of the years 73-76 have had direct u, effect on the elevation of groundwater table so as the aquifer table increased as much as 2.5 meters in years 74-76 The effects of several incidences of water loging as part of the project despite having relative impact on the recharge of the aquifer is not apparent in the general hydrograph of the plain but these effects could be seen in pizometers hydro graph of the project implementation area. Although the positive role of Paskouh aquifer project in increasing ground water table is not negligible but the steady slump of the aquifer because of an increase in the percapita utilization and an increase in the number of utilizers necessitate paying serious attention to aquifers management integrated in a sustainable development plan of utilizing water ground resources. Otherwise the actualization of all potential of floods in recharging ground water resources would not meet the growth of the needs for seen in the development plan prospective.

Cross sections of glumes were examined for 12 Aegilops species (3 populations of each species were checked). Choosen characters for the study were, width of glume, depth of keel, depth of mid-glume between vascular bundles, number of paranchymatous layers between chlorenchyma and abaxial epidermis, type of paranchymal cells, abundance of silica hairs on abaxial epidermis, abundance of nodular crystal on abaxial epidermis. and number of vascular bundles. This study confirmed the relation between the species and described how much correlation exists between glume and leaf anatomy.

A vast area of arid and semiarid soils is salt affected. The major problem of these soils is caused by decreasing in osmotic potential and permeability and increasing in concentration of some toxic ions such as chloride. Electrical conductivity (ECe), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)and chloride ion concentration (Cl-) are indices used for salinity risk assessment, sodality and chloride toxicity respectively. Ionic strength (I) is also an important index to determine the effective concentrations activities) of ions. This paper addresses the relationship between SAR, Cl and I with electrical conductivity of saturated extracts (ECe). For this purpose a total of 39 soil samples were taken from a non-cultivated area of a highly saline and sodic region in eastern parts of Isfahan (Rudasht). These soils are belonged to subgroup "Typic Haplosalids". The soil samples were air dried, crushed and passed through a 2 mm sieve. pH, ECe, cations and anions concentrations were determined, then SAR and I were calculated. Results indicated that the coefficients of determination (r2) of the relationships are 0.750***, 0.970***and 0.969*** for SAR, Cl and I respectively. It is concluded that, these significant relationships can reduce costs and time of experiments in soil laboratories.

In this study 6 cultivars of Alfalfa (Hamedani, Codi, Kerisari, Simerchenskaya, Gareh - Yonjeh and Maopa) were compared in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in rain - fed areas of Zagheh and Ghaed - Rahmat in Lorestan province for 5 years (1986-1990). Combine analysis of variance showed significant interactions between forage yield (Vf) of cultivars and environments (5 years. 2places) at @=0.05, and so stability analysis was accomplished based on the Eberhart and Russell's (1966) method. Results showed that ttie deviations variance (Sdi) of cultivars not significant, this shows liner relations between studied cultivars and environments. There were significant differences among regression coefficients of cultivears (bile) at @ =0.05. Based on the most stabe diagram (Vf - bile) Ghareh - Yorijeh with bi/e= 1.082 and Yf= 1626. 86kg/ha was the most stab lest cultivar in the studied environments. After Ghareh - Yonjeh, the cultivars of Cody (bi/e=0.94, Yf= 1613.24 kg/ha) and Simerchenskaya (bi/e= 1.099, Yf= 1599.30 kg/ha) had showed high forage yield stability among studied cultivars.

Haloxylon sp., is a species plant growing in arid regions, specially in sand lands as a useful plant for fixing of sand dune. This plant has economical, social and environmental significance. Mycorrhizais a natural symbiosis between plant root and mycelia of fungi. This symbiosis is important for the plant under stressful: for example, water and nutrient deficiencies. Mycorrhizales symbiosis in Haloxylon was studied In natural and man-made forests of Yazd. Ardakan plain and Kavir e Daranjir Yazd province. Effects of environmental factors variation such as climate and soil on mycorrhizae were determined. Results showed that H.aphyllumm and persicum living in symbiosis with VAM Distribution and variation of mycorrhizae in natural forest was more than man-made forest In this symbiosis, the species of glomus gigasp ora and acaulospora in natural forest and species of giomus in man-made forest, were more prevalent.

The area in subject is a forestry unit 1150 areas large along the northern forest. The forest in this area is natural and the existing trees are of wide leaves type which include beech, hornbeam, oak, etc. The study was performed on samples collected in three seasons of spring, summer and autumn then for calculated of damaged trees in all areas, the ratio estimation method was used on randomized systematic design in strips with wide of 15 meter and intervals 200 meter each other for selection of trees. The rate of damaged trees in all areas were found to be 1.42% and the differences between north areas (2.68%) and south areas (0.72%), north and east - west areas (1.21%) were significant for probability level of 95%.The rate of damaged trees for beech, hornbeam and oak which composed over 90% of the trees in this area was 1.52% and the differences between beech (2.53) and oak (0.83%). beech and horn beam (1.29%) were significant for probability level of 95%.The damaged rate of trees indicates the influence of physical and biological factors with in thousands of years that the ecology and life of these trees without any disturbance among the natural forests does not need any sensitivity against the mushrooms (polypore’s) for the healthy trees in this region.

Jojoba is considered as a valuable crop species regarding its tolerance to draught and soil salinity as well as its economical importance as an industrial crop. This species is used in soil conservation activities, against desertification, as an ornamental and landscaping plant, and in some extend also can be considered as a nutritional plant. Seeds of jojoba contain 50-60% liquid wax which is used in electronic, medicine, nutrition and cosmetic industries. In this experiment, asexual propagation (micro propagation) was investigated. In surface sterilizing experiment, the use of 70% ethanol for 5 sec followed by 1% (w/v) benomyl for 30 min, 1% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 20 min containing 1-2 drops of liquid soap, gave the highest sterilizing efficiency. The results of micro propagation experiments showed that the best season for taking explants from the mother plants was late spring. The best hormonal combination for shoot proliferation were 4 ppm BA and 0.01 ppm IBA added to MS medium, while the best hormonal combination for root formation were 0.1 ppm BA and 3 ppm IBA added to MS medium.

The effects of various p levels and inoculum treatments on total dry weight on maize during growing season were evaluated in two years (1998-1998). This study conducted with factorial experiments with three replications. Phosphorus levels included: P1= 0, P2= 50, P3= 100 and p4= 150 kg P2O5 per hectare and inoculums treatments included: l1=G. rnosseae, l2= G. caledoniurn, l3= G. intraradices and l4= sterile plots (control). Results of this study showed that the effects of p levels only significant on maize dry weight on 7- harvest date in first year. But application of p levels in 1377 significantly affected on dry weight on 2, 3 and 4- harvest date. Mean results of two years experiments showed the" effects of this factor on dry weight of maize on 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6- harvest date were significant. In this study, application of inoculums treatments on 1, 6 and 7- harvest date in 1376 and also on 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7- harvest date in 1377 were significant on dry weight of maize. The results of two years experiments showed that dry weight of maize on 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and also 7- harvest date were significantly affected by inoculums treatments. In this study the effects of p levels on% colonization were not significant but inoculums treatment has a significant effect on percent of colonization.