Year:2004 | Volume:17 | Issue:(63 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:12

Thinning is the most important operation in silvicultural planning. During operation dead and oppressed trees are harvested and retained tree grow increasingly. Two plantations of loblolly pine and Caucasian alder selected and thinning were carried out.Some results are as follows:Pinus taeda plantation:Age: 18 yearsSpacing: 3 x 2 mMean annual volume increment: 15,5 m3 /ha.Rotation of thinning: 3- 5yearsare suitable. Intensity: slight.Alnus subcordata plantation:Age: 9 yearsSpacing: 2.5 x 2.5 , 3 x 3mMean annual volume increment: 18- 20 m3 / haRotalion of thinning: 4 - 5yearsSuitable thinning intensity: slight

In order to investigate asexual reproduction of walnut (Juglans regia), shoot tips and axillary buds of elite adult trees were collected from natural stands and used as explants. Suitable method of sterilization was found.That is about dipping the explants in ethanol solution(70%) for I minutes and using of Mercuric chloride solution (0.1%) for 1.5 minutes. Sterilized explants cultured on media with different concentration at different growth regulators. DKW medium containing 1mg/l of BA was the best medium for shoot proliferation. GA3, promoted latheral bud growth and shoot proliferation. MS and DKW medium containing 0.25 mg/lit GA3 and 0.5 mg/lit BA, were the best composition for shoot proliferation. Shoots cultured on hormone free DKW medium before rooting treatments, were longer and more vigorous. In spite of applying different treatments(like decreasing macroelements and sucrose concentrates, using of activated charcole and adding different vitamins and aminoacids to the medium) root development of proliferated shoots were problematic in this species.

During the recent years there were some reports about the death of cypress (C.sempervirens var.horizentalis) on various forestation in Mazandaran province. For this study the Altappeh area was choosen. The Ratio Estimation method was used on randomized systematic design in strips with of 10 meter and intervals 200 meter each other for selection of trees (statical severitg was 3%). The culture of infested pices on PDA the pestalotiopsis sp was isolated. pathogenicity of this fungus has been done on vase and nerseries seedlings. The resualt showed infestation severity on Altappeh area was % 4.17 and distrubiution of diameter and hight of infested trees showed same age curve. Percentage of destructive in different parts of trunk showed the death in 13 of the top of trees were maximum. It is showing this disease have propagated the later years. Management on this forstation should be on base of cutting and exitting infested trees and guidance the competation between the native trees and., (C.sempervirens var.horizontalis) in oder to stablishment of mixture forests of native hard woods and conifer(cypress).

This paper is aimed to develope a mathematical model for sustainable forest development by strategic landuse planning. Such plans are naturally multi purpose so that multi-criteria optimization is utilized for modeling. The objective functions are: Maximization of carbon sequestration, net present value of income, stand volume, employment generation and minimization of soil erosion. Lp-norm is used to aggregate the objectives. The model is implemented for Caspian forest in Ramsar. Sensitivity analysis is made by different norms and weights.

Different models in the estimation of flow characteristics of the catchments and the concepts of runoff generation from rainfall, and catchment reaction to the inputs is developed in recent years. A simple model allows easier estimation of the small number of parameters, and a physically realistic model allows parameters to be identified with particular parts of the catchment and estimating its response, again making the estimation of parameters easier. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the variable source area AWBM 2002 model in Iranian representative catchments. The analysis was carried out using data from selected catchments named; Kasilian, Kardeh, Amameh, Lighvan, Kan and Kameh in Iran. Parameters were estimated by optimisation using the total streamflow and on separated baseflow and surface runoff. The model performed acceptable results in all catchments. The results showed that the AWBM 2002, which gives a convenient approach for estimating parameters directly from the recorded data, and which models variable source areas, can be used as a useful tool for research and design in Iranian catchments.

Regional planning in Iran have a long period background. In spite of this background of 50 years old, these plans have less and less reached to implementation stage. The aim of this study is analysis of comprehensive development plan of Central Zagros Region. The main reason for selection of this subject for evaluation, firstly was the importance of regional planning, especially in a expand country like Iran, and the second, was necessity of continoues analysis and review on the plans in both cases of aims and methods.This research in its evaluation process, initially tried to answer to the three following questions:1-The rate of compatibility between the plan and scientific bases2-Harmony and answering between the aims and the tar targets of initial contract of the plan3-The rate of applicability and implementation of recommended plan.Methodology of research in this thesis is the descriptive and analytical method, and is divided on two sections: One is formal evaluation and the other is containing evaluation Formal evaluation is to compare of such cases of the survey that is out of purport, and only concentrate on formal part of the work The aim of containing evaluation, is indeed to analysis and evaluate such part of survey that has the considerable meaning, and is comparable with the scientific terms and literature review of regional planning Output of the research -in short- is that In typical regional plans -in general- and the case of the recommended plan of Central Zagros -in special- the formal methods of planning are done in a fair level. But the matter on which is in a neglect, is not to pay enough attention to initial stage and also last stage of planning process, that means: how to be philosophical and ideological terms of planning at the first and how to execute or to program the plan at the end of planning process. In other words, the regional plans are suffered from two things more than the others; "Poverty in Theory and Poverty in Execution.

A river dike constructed for protection against flooding, was troubled for several years by maintenance problems. To find the main reason for deformation of dike crest and soil parameters in the body of dike and polder, an intensive geotechnical survey, field and laboratory tests were executed. The results of investigations showed that because of uplift pressure in the sand layer which is in open contact with the river water levels, an especial failure mechanism develops which differs from normal conditions. In the result of this phenomenon, the soft soil layers in the polder are compressed and the length of uplift zone decreased which cause the cracks on crest of dike.

This research was carried out at four stages :I-information and background collection ,2-field sampling. 3-soil Test 4- statistics analysis. At first stage, all information related to silviculture ,climatology, geology, pedology and etc were collected. At second stage, three distinicts of Galandroud forest which were located in Noor-Mazandran province and contain pure stands of oak, were selected. In each distinct, six samples with 20R area were allocated, then in the center of each sample, soil profile was dug with 1.5m depth. Moreover, 30 dominant trees of oak were chosen and statistical parameters of them was measured, then, the accompanied plants were identified. At third stage, many parameters of soil samples were tested. The Results showed that Qak . trees grow on six different soil types: Typic Haplumbrepts , Typic udorthents , Mollic Hapludalfs, Typic Rendolls , Lithic Udorthents , Typic udisamments . the mean of diameter and height in three elevation classes (lower than 500 m , 500-1000m ; higher than 1000m ) was evaluated and It was confirmed that there is a significant difference between measured parameters in three localities with different typs of soil and the highest value of parameters were occured in Typic udorthents soils.

In this project, with study compound dyes, which probability this compound present in plant like Tannins, Flavonoids ,Anthroquinins, Anthocyanins , Carotenoids. Collected 130 sample from 99 species of plants, and this plants dry in oven, using dyeing method contemporaneous powder or plant boil and mordant in acidity colour bath, then dry yarns in shade, and study stability of yarns in usual acidity and alkalin water in temperature of 50°c for one hour. Study yarns light stability on the basis of ISO-I05 BOI: 1989(E) , Result showed from 1040 colour spectrum from study of plants dyes, all of spectrum were resistance to whishing and 83% spectrum colour of yarns were fast colour and stable, therefore they can be used in industries carpets. Total silks yarns were stable than wool yarns, dyeing with cupric sulfate and ferrous sulfate mordant were more stable than other dyes and instable dyes were with Alluminium sulfate. Polish and monotonousness dyeing with plants boil were sensible from plants powder.

This study is concerned with a numerical modelling of flow through / over gabion dam with fully sedimented reservoir with fine sediment. Fine sediment causes that total of discharge flow over dam. The flow over the dam is assumed as a spatially varied flow, and control section has been verified by Hind"s method .The flow through porous coarse media of dam is nonlinear. This flow has been modelled numerically by continuity and Forchhiemer equations. The numerical model was performed for a impervious upstream face of gabion dam i.e. fully sedimented reservoir. The results of analysis show the pizometric water level and virtual velocity of any node within porous body as well as the profile of water level over damain order to confirm the finding of this research, physical model test of gabion dam has been done .Physical test results show that suction in gabion dam crest cause special condition for enegey losses and pressure profile in that domain.

Bagheshad is a part of Khojir national park with 2310 hectars area. It is located in 22 kilometers far from east of Tehran in south of Haraz road. It"s geographical position is 35°36" 41"N to 35°39" 33" and 51°40" 29" and 51°46" 22"E.In this study 136 species were collected and these species belong to 36 famillies (2 famillies of angiospermae, 32 famillies of dicotyledonae and 2 famillies of monocotyledonae) and 104 genera. Of the species recognized, 26 species (%19.12) are endemic species ofIran. Asteraceae with 19.12, Papilionaceae with 13.21 and Lamiaceae with 9.56 percent are the main famillies of this area. Studying of plants life forms by Raunkiaar method showed that hemycryptophytes with 50.74 percent (69 species) of species are the most frequent life forms. High percentage of hemycryptophytes indicates that the area has cold mountain climate. Therophytes whit 20.69 and chamophytes whit 15.44 percent of species, are less important. Investigation on geographical distribution of plants species showed 85.29 percent (116 species) of the species belong to Irano- Touranian zone. Other species can be observed in other zone too. High percentage of Irano – Touranian elements can express this fact that this region belongs to Irano- Touranian zone.