JOURNAL OF THE STUDIES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING (JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE)
Year:2019 | Volume:14 | Issue:1 (46) |Papers Count:16

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The main function of rural areas in the Third World is agriculture, and it is important because of its particular impact on employment, poverty and income adjustment, food security and self-sufficiency. The growth of the agricultural sector is considered essential for achieving development goals in developing countries. Supportive policies are policies that the government is adopting to increase the income of a specific group of agricultural producers and food security, as well as agricultural development. Support policies in the agricultural sector have a strategic position and importance in the process of agricultural development policy. In Masal, agriculture is the most important economic activity that can be helped by correct policies and optimal utilization of existing facilities to balance and develop rural life. Methodology The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytic. Data and information have been collected through the library (reviewing books, reports, plans, statistical journals, maps, etc. ), fields (Observation and Interviews) methods. Interviews were conducted from Dehyaran, members of the Islamic Council of Agricultural Villages and Masal Agricultural Jihad Experts. In this research, EXCEL software was used to analyze data and draw charts and ArcGIS software was used for drawing maps. The statistical population in this research is divided into two sections of all Masal villages and agronomic policies. Sampling of this research has not been done and the agronomic policies in this research have been studied in terms of indicators such as: population index, location, level of implementation, and distance or proximity to market centers. Results and Discussion According to the statistics presented in relation to agronomic practices in Masal village villages in the support policy area, the amount of fertilizer used in the villages of Shanderman (Shanderman and Sheikh Nishin districts), 947 tons at 4000 hectares Rice fields and fertilizer consumption in the central part (suburb and Masal) were 710 tons at 3000 hectares. And the fertilizer distribution is well done. Of the 7, 000 hectares of agricultural land in Masal, 600 hectares, equivalent to 8. 5 percent, are covered by a biological struggle against rice stem borer. Of the 7, 000 hectares of agricultural land in the city of Masal, 2330 hectares, 33. 3 percent were under second cultivation. Also, 1602 hectares, or 23 percent, are covered by agricultural insurance, and 1568 people are covered by agricultural insurance. According to the results of this study, more agricultural practices have been applied in the villages of the plain area. Also, according to the measures taken in the field of education and promotion of farmers, 3653 hectares of land in the city equivalent to 52. 18% in 39 villages, land improvement and land improvement plan has been implemented. 78% are cultivated mechanically and 85. 7% of the land in the city Harvesting mechanically. In Masal, 48 villages are agricultural water management. Conclusion Most of these policies have been designed to create employment, income, and reduce costs, as well as maintain land use. In fact, educational activities-agricultural promotion have moved to improve the situation of rural society and agricultural development. Proposals related to the agricultural support policies of Masal in order to maintain land use, reduce costs and increase farmers' income are as follows:-Due to the fact that research, education and promotion policies are underpinned by other agronomic policies, policymakers should pay particular attention to this issue.-Appropriate plans and policies for the development of second cultivation.-It is suggested that the implementation of agronomic policies that increase the income and reduce the cost of farmers should be accurately and appropriately applied in all rural villages of Masal.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction In Rural development strategies should be considering to diversify the rural economy, efficiency through providing a variety of economic activities. Therefore, today in developed countries, rural tourism is considered as one of the strategies for overcoming the problems in many rural areas, and one of the strategic factors in development, because the evidence shows, tourism activity is 5 percent of the world's economic activities. Domestic and international tourism is known as a growing activity, and much of it is concentrated on the coast and coastal systems are important for the tourism sector. Guilan province has about 300 kilometers beautiful coast with dense forests, countryside pleasing, wetlands, waterfalls and a variety of handicrafts, annually receives millions of tourists. Now at 280 kilometers from Caspian coasts in Guilan created 47 coastal tourism destinations that cover 65 of these coasts. More than 16 years have passed since the creation of tourism destinations on the coast of Caspian Sea, but didn’ t have a good development. These destinations have numerous problems including financial difficulties, lack of infrastructure and facilities and recreational services, environmental problems and etc. Regional tourism development strategy is formulating based on the study of supply and demand with the aim of improving existing products, identifying opportunities for market development and long-term priorities is to develop the tourism sector in the region. Tourism Strategy is as a framework for decision-making, guidance for future tourism development. In the formulation of tourism development strategy are determined strengths and weaknesses tourism product, micro and macro objectives (to meet strengths and weaknesses to achieve optimal results) and the action plan (to achieve objectives) (Salehi and Hsanpor, 2012: 24). For the above, this question is asked that what strategies are needs. In this regard, the aim of this research is formulating of rural costal tourism’ s strategies in Guilan province. Methodology SWOT analysis summarizes the major internal and external factors of organization. These factors are known as affecting strategic factors the future of the organization (Kangas et al, 2003: 352). Internal and external environment includes all the variables within and outside the organization. These forces may be a potential driver for organizational success, or may be a potential limitation to the performance and success of their organization. Analysis process includes the following steps: The first step: identifying the internal and external factors: internal factors related to the internal environment, which are include strengths and weaknesses. External factors are Include opportunities and threats that have affected the development process and attracting tourists. The second step: the weights internal and external factors: after identifying the internal and external factors and classify them in terms of strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats, the importance of each one of them must be specified. The third step: the creation of internal and external factors evaluation matrix. Step Four: designing of Model Analysis SWOT. Results and Discussion Strategies based on the final score attractions were ranked as follows: assignment of coastal tourism Affairs (coastal tourism destinations) to tourism organizations in order to effective and efficient planning, management and marketing (4. 102), The holding of workshops and training courses to build expertise and capabilities in human resource of organizations and local communities with a score (4. 079), the allocation of financing and facilitate the process of obtaining a license to create a coastal tourism-related jobs by local communities (3. 989), encouraging and supporting the private sector investors to create and the development of appropriate facilities in the coastal tourism destinations (3. 963), and encourage and support the creation of NGOs in order to education and promote environmental culture in order to preserve of environment of the village and coast (3. 636). Conclusion Whit according to that the planning and management of coastal tourism development is specialized, It’ s necessary to assignment of coastal tourism Affairs (coastal tourism destinations) to tourism organization for efficiently and effectively of planning, management and marketing. Managers and experts from organizations responsible for coastal tourism knowledge and expertise have little contact with tourists. Low level of knowledge related to tourism led to inappropriate planning and management. Therefore, organizations need to improve and increase knowledge of managers and experts in different ways such as formal education, informal, vocational training, meetings and seminars, technical meetings, workshops. The success of a tourism destination depends on the level of physical development that affect in attracting tourists. The facilities and services needed by tourists are the most important factors in increasing the number of tourists at the destination. The level of physical development of destinations is low. Coastal tourism’ s authorities should provide a variety of physical requirements. Due to lack of funding the public sector, one of the strategies for securing financial resources for investment is the private sector investment. Despite the financial problems in government agencies, the private sector is essential to the objectives entrusted to the private sector to improve infrastructure and facilities in the recreational-leisure purposes invest. To facilitate the process of private sector investment, communication capacity-building and collaboration plays an important role between organizations and the private sector. Gilan province is one of the most mass tourism destinations and every year millions of tourists into the province. Guilan because of being tourists is faced with environmental problems that has been made pollution and environmental degradation that needs actions to reduce of these problems. In this regard, appropriate Strategy is capacity building in the local communities and mobilization of citizens through environmental NGOs and Must increase the number of NGOs in this field in the province. In this context, governments have an important role, through providing a legal framework for establish and activities of these organizations.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The need for precise and effective planning is the recognition of the characteristics of the area, especially demographic characteristics, because each program that is developed for the development of the area is for the population and increase its welfare, and recognizing the characteristics of the population in terms of dispersion, employment, literacy, sexual composition, and The age composition of the population is a prerequisite for the success of the rural development program. Population dispersion in geographic space can be examined from two dimensions: population dispersion per unit area, and other population deployment in rural areas, which is essential for understanding the spatial organization and the pattern of rural population deployment. Regarding the diversity of ecological resources and its distribution in the rural geographical area of Urmia, it reflects a different population in rural areas. On the other hand, the drying of Lake Urmia and its effects on the rural villages of the coast, a change in their demographic changes has occurred, and requires studying the changes and population structure for planning. Methodology The research method is analytical-explanatory and comparative. This study examines the distribution and dispersion of the variables of rural population building at the level of villages, districts and inter-regional areas. Therefore, two types of regionalization were done for analysis, explanation and comparison in Urmia. Area based on the level of development and zoning based on ecological capability. In order to determine the ecological potential of the Urmia area, indicators such as soil quality, water content, salinity, vegetation and cropping patterns were used. Then, population distribution and demographic characteristics such as literacy rate, employment rate, age ratio, sex ratio, and the Dependency ratio and population growth in rural areas were analyzed based on the sub-regions and the rural population was analyzed in terms of dispersion in these areas. For analyzing, explaining and comparing the changes and the distribution of rural population in Urmia, we used indices of relative density of population, average population of villages, comparative inequality index, and Gini coefficient index. Result and Discussion Distribution and distribution of population indices in different developmental regions do not differ significantly. The ratio of age in each geographic region of development indicates that the age group less than 30 years old is distributed differently in different areas. In terms of sexual ratio, the highest and lowest rates are 105 and 98. 7 percent, respectively, in the development areas of the highly developed villages and deprived areas. The highest rate of inequality in the distribution of men and women in the two different sex groups is 3. 5. Also, the results of the survey show that the highest percentage (44. 7%) is in the deprived villages. This indicates that the deprived villages do not have the capacity to maintain additional populations, and the remaining population in the villages is mostly those engaged in agriculture In terms of literacy, inequality between villages located in different developmental areas is also between the highly developed and deprived areas. The inequality rate is high at the 4. 9 literacy rate that belongs to the deprived area. The inequality relative dependency index load among various geographical regions of Urmia shows that there is not much difference between the different levels of development of villages in the city. The highest disparity rate in different regions is 0. 3. The results of the population growth survey indicate that the population growth rate of the villages follows the development level of the villages. According to the results of the analysis, the higher the level of rural development, the higher the population growth rate has experienced. Distribution and dispersion of demographic indices in different natural areas is a different distribution. The ratio of age in each geographic region indicates that the age group less than 30 years old is distributed differently in different regions. In terms of sexual ratio, the highest and lowest numbers are 113 and 98. 1 percent, respectively, in the areas of tree and vineyard complexes, and mixed areas of pasture and dry land use. The status of the districts in terms of employment is such that villages located in a poorly covered area with 41% and villages in mixed areas of aquatic and garden lands with 39. 7% of the situation are favorable to other areas. The inequality relative dependency index load among various geographical regions of Urmia shows that there is a high difference between the villages in ecological sub-areas of the city. The highest disparity rate in different regions is 0. 9. The Gini coefficient index for how the population of less than 30 years of age and over 30 is distributed among different regions is equal because the Gini coefficient index (0. 32) is close to zero for the age ratio and shows that among the areas in terms of distribution There is no big difference between of the young population, the middle aged and the elderly. Conclusion Reducing the rural population is a major issue that has engaged the minds of planners and experts. But another issue that exists is the issue of population distribution that reflects the performance of the spatial management system of development and the conditions of natural resources. Distribution and distribution of population indices in different developmental regions do not differ significantly. The ratio of age in each geographic region of development indicates that the age group less than 30 years old is distributed differently in different regions, but the assumption of young population's dominance in terms of increasing rural development levels is unacceptable. Because ratio of age in the highly developed villages and the deprived villages is 74. 6% and 74. 7%, respectively, indicating that in developed and developed villages they are less developed and deprived of the elderly population. Among the various geographical areas of development, the developed and less developed regions with the proportion of the age of 76. 2 percent are the youngest region. In terms of sexual ratio, the highest and lowest rates are 105 and 98. 7 percent, respectively, in the areas of development of highly developed villages and deprived areas. The highest rate of inequality in the distribution of the two sex groups of men and women is 3. 5 between the different developmental regions, which is necessary to transfer the balance from the developed area to the deprived areas. Also, the results of the survey show that the highest percentage (44. 7%) is in the deprived villages. This indicates that the deprived villages do not have the capacity to maintain additional populations, and the remaining population in the villages is mostly those engaged in agriculture. The high rate of inequality of employment among villages located in different areas of development is 4. 15, which belongs to the highly developed area. This area has the lowest employment rate. The reason for this issue can be seen in the distribution of the age of the population in this area. Because the majority of the area is over 15 years of age and is mainly active in ages, it reduces the proportion of working Age of activity. In terms of literacy, inequality between villages located in different developmental areas is also disproportionate between the highly developed area and the area. The inequality rate is 4. 9 in the high literacy rate that belongs to the deprived area. In other words, the highest level of literacy among the villages of the city of Urmia belongs to the highly developed villages. The literacy rate in this area is 73%.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The reciprocal effect of sustainable and unsustainable ecological resources is considered in the course of assessment of ecological capacity. These resources have reciprocal effects to each other and environment as specifications of each micro ecosystem. So, it is obligatory to utilize nature as it less harms environment and at the same time its benefits human more. Therefore, an appropriate urban development will also be realized when applied to the land in proportion to its potentials and capabilities. Therefore, it is very important to identify the potentials and capabilities of the land before deployment on it and the loading of urban utilities and activities; In this regard, the main issue in assessing the ecological capability of the new city of Baharestan is the application of environmental criteria in its urban development to achieve sustainable urban development and a suitable model for the future development of the new city of Baharestan in Isfahan. The main objective of this study is to determine the suitable location for urban development, the new city of Baharestan, with a fuzzy method that will have the least harmful effects now and in the future. Methodology Therefore, the main objective of this research, to assess the ecological capacity for surface expansion of town based on principles of reclamation of land, Baharestan new town in Esfahan Province was studied through geographical information system (GIS). At first, the basic studies were done and the theme maps of the area were prepared and then numerated. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was produced in Arc gis 10. 2 using topographic map. Then, the ecological resources Urban development map were produced by overlying the maps of elevation, slope, aspect, soil types, soil texture, soil depth, vegetation cover, geology, landuse, climate and distance to fault with ANP and Fuzzy logic methods in Arcgis 10. 2. Results and discussion When the city needs to expand its population in order to locate its extra population, firstly the expansion of the city and the use of the Baier land are considered to be the most appropriate pattern of expansion, especially for cities with no high relative density; Because this kind of expansion is always done with increasing density. One of the main objectives of the present study is to determine the proper pattern for the future development of the new Baharestan city; Therefore weighing is done taking into account the abovementioned criteria and the following:-The appropriate areas of development of the city are in terms of gradient between (15-3) percent.-The proper areas of development of the city from a height dimension below 1800 meters above sea level. Suitable zones for developing the city are not at the core of the main faults.-The appropriate areas of development of the city are not located on agricultural lands. Of course, due to the spatial disparities and the environmental weaknesses and limitations of the area, somewhat interfered with the factors based on studies of weighting factors. The results of the action of overlapping layers and weighing the factors mentioned above indicate that with the observance of the above criteria, the appropriate areas of urban development will be limited. Such an outcome reflects the fact that within the scope of the study one can not consider a particular direction or area for the development of the city, but the future development of the city is possible by observing the parameters considered as multiple nuclei. Considering the established rules, only a small percentage of the study area is considered suitable for future urban development. This will highlight the role of geomorphologic elements in identifying natural constraints in the future development of this city and the proper location of urban development. Conclusion The results obtained from the analysis of the required spatial data show that the entire development area with an area of about 32648. 067 acres is located in the southeast and northern part of Baharestan when by considering this range and not considering the areas that are ineffective in providing proper land suitable for development, the range of about 2800. 717 hectares is considered for planning future development of Baharestan city; Also, in the new range, avoiding the creation of zones and areas with inappropriate width would be avoided as it increases infrastructure costs. Also, in the new proposed range, the creation of zones and areas with Inappropriate width is avoided because it increases infrastructure costs. However, due to the lack of suitable areas for the future development of the city, it is necessary to make a serious review of urban development plans. Also, urban planners should allocate deserted and deserted areas of the study area according to geomorphologic criteria to priority applications and, as far as possible, observe the vertical expansion of the city in accordance with technical criteria, in order to maintain a balance between supply and demand for housing. Provide sustainable urban development.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Today's societies are confronted with widespread and complex problems that hierarchical methods are no longer able to solve social problems, and networks provide a solution to problems but are not fully capable of solving problems and need the collective action of the cast is different. Thus, since 1990, the role of the local government has been addressed in response to the need for decentralization of power and the emerging issues of local democracy. In the new millennium, strong local management has levers in providing public services for local development. Non-existence The concentration and assignment of financial, political and executive responsibilities from centralized governments to localities throughout Asia has also accelerated more than in the past several decades. Proponents of decentralization argue that decentralization, accountability, and effectiveness of local governance and, consequently, governance improves and allows citizens to engage with local authorities in local affairs, thus increasing local participation and increasing social justice. Thus, it can be said that governance has emerged as a substitute for traditional methods of governance and governance, and as a structure or political organization and non-governmental organizations that have emerged to address policy issues and as a precondition for sustainable development And a model for rural management that can strengthen democratic civil participation in public services, especially in rural and social development. Today, our country's villages are faced with a lot of problems and problems that can be attributed to the planning and management of villages in the past and today, which is associated with many controversies and relies on tests and errors. The vacuum of efficient and principled management in villages in all these periods, especially from the 1340s to this and the centralized centralized system, has never been able to achieve a development that is consistent with the advantages and disadvantages of the regions and the imbalance in the regional development of the country has been its consequence. Many problems have also arisen for the villagers. The formation of Islamic councils of the city and village has also provided a good place for the realization of the rule. However, the rule in today's world is facing a lot of problems, which is a way out of the crisis of the introduction and injection of capital from the people themselves, called social capital, which affects the rule of the rural areas and influences the ability of local management. Social capital is the ability to form and maintain relationships in order to facilitate achievement of goals through the development of communication and cooperation as the central point of investment in local development. If social capital is properly used by private and public organizations, it may be a means of maintaining and accountable the government. Therefore, social capital is important, and it is a force that helps connect a society that shares common interests. This type of capital is produced both by society and by the state. The capacity of communities to benefit from it is dependent on the government's ability to enforce the rule of law, respect for civil liberties and political rights, and, in other words, the rule of law. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of social capital on governance in rural areas of Zanjan. Methodology The type of research is applied, the descriptive-analytical method is used and documentary and field methods are used to collect data. The realm of this research is Zanjan city, which consists of 248 villages inhabited with 10% of the villages (25 villages) were selected according to natural and demographic characteristics. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households living in rural areas of Zanjan city. 382 households were selected according to Cochran formula. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and path analysis were used. Results and Discussion The results of data analysis based on one-sample t-test showed that the highest average was the component of legitimacy with an average of 3/42 Other components of the rural households' viewpoint have a lower average of numerical desirability, while the transparency component gained the lowest average of 2/75 One-sample t analysis from the views of typical households in relation to social capital components indicates that all components are above the average, while the integrity component has the highest mean of 3/45 and the component of participation is the lowest of 3/34 The average has been earned among other components of social capital. The results of path analysis also showed that with respect to the total effects, confidence with the highest score of 0/366 has the most effect on governance and coherence with the rate of 0/200 has the least effect. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the correlation between social capital and governance dimensions. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the correlation coefficient of social and governing capital 0/509**) is indicative of correlation between variables. The result of the research showed that social capital affects governance and will also improve with the rise of social capital.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The infill development, which is the main part of the smart urban growth pattern, includes practical strategies for preventing body developments of cities in undeveloped pieces of lands around the cities and vacant unused pieces of lands inside the urban areas. This approach can help the renewal of urban life (the agency of environment conservation, 1999: 2). Ilam City is one of the cities which has been developing in recent years because of the increase in population and in land uses in terms of the urban body. This city can use recyclable surfaces which have a good opportunity for solving lack of services and existing problems. To fulfill this goal, the conditions of Ilam City need to be clearly observed. In Ilam City, there is some tissue which is worth considering in relation to infill developments for instance in northern and central areas of Ilam City including the areas around Shohada Square, Khayyam Street, Saadi Street, Ferdowsi Street and Ayyatollah Heydari Street, poor tissue and unused land uses are more seen whereas in other parts of the city especially in Sothern parts, open spaces and vacant pieces of lands are more seen between land uses which can be investigated in this research. The horizontal development in Ilam City has recently been accelerating towards the surrounding pieces of lands while we can present strategies to control and organize the scattering of the city by scientific studies and using the urban planning. So, the main questions of the research are if there are any proper arenas for the infill developments in Ilam City, using what criteria and indexes, we can determine potential arenas for the infill developments in Ilam City and to what extent, determining proper arenas for the infill developments in Ilam City can influence developing and managing the poor inefficient tissue. In this study, we attempt to find good solutions for these questions considering the present rules and criteria. Methodology The method of the study is analytical-descriptive and it is an applied research. The data was gathered by the survey and from the libraries and the data of statistic population was gathered by interviews and questionnaires. The population includes the specialists and experts of urban management that 20 of them were chosen as the sample by Convenience Sampling Method and were asked to complete the questionnaires carefully. As the subject of the research is place-based, providing a thorough information bank about the places is highly required. In order to do this, after investigating, needs assessment and defining the criteria of the conceptual, logical and physical models, a database was made in the ArcCatalog application from the software package of ArcGIS 10. 2. Finally, the best place was identified by the comments of the experts, Expert Choice Software and the technique of the analytic hierarchy process. Results and Discussion Using the comments of the experts, theoretical foundations and literature review, the spatial-body criterion with the total weight of. 408, the functional-managerial criterion with the total weight of. 311 and the social-economic criterion with the total weight of. 281 were determined. Moreover, all of the sub-criteria were classified based on the present standards in theoretical foundations and according to them, the next analyses were done and combined maps were made. The combined maps of GIS and the analytic hierarchy process showed that there are very highly potential arenas for the infill developments. These arenas are mostly located in central parts of the city which are old areas and have attracted most of the urban services. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Ilam City has been horizontally developed in an irregular way, agricultural fields have been destroyed and environmental problems have been occurred since there is lack of accurate efficient planning in terms of land use and as a result the lack of proper use of existing capacities and potential of the city and not following the correct pattern of population distribution in the suburbs. Hence, this condition needs to be reviewed and the infill development can be good strategy for solving present urban issues. Conclusion The findings of GIS maps and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) indicate that: Among 162 hectares of land pieces in Ilam City which are poor, ruined and without any uses, just 13 hectares were highly suitable and 38 hectares were suitable for infill developments and the rest lack the criteria for the mentioned purpose. These results are the same as the research results of Bani Hashemi et al (2013), Poormoosavi et al (2013), Mirkatooli et al (2013) and Dadashpoor et al (2013) in terms of determining proper arenas for the infill developments. Concerning the criteria and indexes, the results are partly similar. But, in relation to the amount of importance of each index, the findings of the present study do not match the results of other researches and the amount of importance depends on the case study and present conditions and situations. Ilam City has been horizontally developed in an irregular way, agricultural fields have been destroyed and environmental problems have been occurred since there is lack of accurate efficient planning in terms of land use and as a result the lack of proper use of existing capacities and potential of the city and not following the correct pattern of population distribution in the suburbs. Hence, this condition needs to be reviewed and the infill development can be good strategy for solving present urban issues. The results of this question are also the same as the research results of Bani Hashemi et al. (2013), Poormoosavi et al. (2014), Mirkatooli et al. (2014) and Dadashpoor et al. (2014) concerning the amount of importance and the necessity of infill developments.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Tourism as a powerful tool for development, growth and economic diversification, employment, etc. has drawn the attention of a wide range of policy-makers, planners and executive managers at the global, national and regional levels. At the local level, rural tourism is also considered as an appropriate alternative for the implementation of sustainable development requirements, the sustainability of environment, community and rural economy, job creation, public and private investment, infrastructure improvement and economic benefits in rural areas. Rural tourism, as a small segment of tourism which is the largest industry in the world, play a major role in empowering the local people, diversifying the economic growth and creating new job opportunities in rural areas. Nevertheless, rural tourism is a very complex activity which shares common interests with different sectors of society and economy and also has different effects and consequences. Therefore, all aspects rural tourism must be considered in the planning process in order to prevent the negative consequences which leads to the increase of positive economic, social and environmental impacts. Tourism development can be considered as a fundamental strategy for social and economic prosperity in rural areas based on scientific and logic planning This paper tries to study the feasibility of rural tourism development in Takht-e Soleyman district in Takab region also attempts to identify the strategic element (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) based on its natural and cultural assets and then to formulate the desired strategy along with tourism development. Methodology This study is an applied research in terms of purpose and uses descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through fieldwork and library research. The statistical population consisted of 54 villages in Takht-e Soleyman district. Out of 54 rural settlements, 10 tourist villages were selected based on targeted sampling (Qirnejah, Aqdar-e Olya, Zarshuran, Ahmadabad-e Olya, Gonbad, Brenje, Taze kand-e Naosratabad, Gharabolagh, Nabi Kandi and Hassanabad). 357 household heads were determined as sample sizes using the Morgan table. AHP and SWOT analysis have been used to analyze data in order to develop a suitable tourism development strategy emphasizing sustainable development. Results and Discussions To find the four elements of strategic planning (strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats) first, the most important internal and external factors were identified in three economic-institutional, socio-cultural, ecologic-environmental dimensions and then analyzed by evaluation matrix. After identifying the indicators of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats), the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) constructed according to quantified SWOT and weighing indicators. The results indicated that pleasant weather, especially in spring and summer (0. 0098), and natural attractions such as waterfalls and high mountains such as Belqis (0. 0097) are the most important strengths. The priorities for weaknesses are poor environmental and physical infrastructure (0. 918) and lack of recreational facilities (health services, accommodation, catering) (0. 598). Among the external factors, Takht-e Soleyman Complex which inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage list as the fourth unique archaeological site of Iran (0. 1032), its proximity to neighboring tourist areas such as Karaftu Cave, Soltanieh Dome, Zivia (0. 721), and ecotourism potential (0. 0460) as the most important opportunities, and the rising trends in tourism and travelling to other recreational areas such as Soltanieh Dome in Zanjan, Karaftu Cave and ancient mountain of Zivia in Saqqez (11, 070), the contamination of water resources, soil and climate due Zarshuran gold mine (0. 1119) and lack of accountability among visitors to protect the human and natural environment (0. 0720) are considered as the most important threats in the development of rural tourism in this region. After analyzing each quadrant (SO, WT, ST, WO), it was determined the best strategy for Takht-e Soleyman, Takab is defensive strategy. Conclusion The defensive tactics which aimed at reducing internal weaknesses and avoiding external threats, is the most appropriate strategy based on localization and adaptation to the needs, cultures and values of the community, for rural tourism development in the area under study. According to this strategy, the most important solutions for developing rural tourism can be the formulation of new rules to protect and preserve the environment, to use the existing tourism potential optimally, to prevent the commodification of natural resources, historical monuments, and incompatible activities and disruption of ecological balance of the region, to develop a great investment platform for private and public sector in the tourism industry, to encourage people for participating in the development of tourism infrastructure and facilities, to develop and promote educational programs and to inform the indigenous people about tourism and its importance, to conduct training courses aimed at promoting the professional specialization for practitioners who involve in executive, service, marketing, and advertising activities in tourism as a multi-sector industry, to educate and inform people about tourism culture and how to deal with tourists in the village, as well as to introduce the traditions, custom and cultural characteristics of village inhabitants in order to prevent any spatial conflicts and potential tensions between tourists and the host community. There is no doubt, in order to achieve sustainable tourism development and also sustainable development of rural spaces, it is necessary to turn the weaknesses and threats into strengths and opportunities. It is required not only the cooperation of organizations, but broad engagement of local community, as the outcome of collective strength is greater than individual forces. To this end, institutionalization should be undertaken locally in order to move to construction and optimal utilization of tourism potentials in the region under study. Otherwise, it can be argued that if the development of rural tourism along with a detailed and comprehensive planning in the villages of Takht-e Soleyman district does not take into account, rural tourism development will lead to the commodification of natural resources and deformation of land cover in the area, as well as the formation of incompatible activities in the surrounding areas and the emergence of spatial confusion phenomenon.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction With the rapid development of urbanization, traffic safety issues, the lack of open spaces for recreation (the main reasons for childhood obesity, reduced physical activity, and independent activities of children) have declined, which has become a major problem in many countries. Research has shown that outdoor play is a prerequisite for the healthy development of children, and that the quality of the environment (having a public and open space) is conducive to independent activities of children, social development and intellectual development. The quality of life of urban children depends directly on the allocation of facilities in urban spaces. The role of the relative proportion of urban spaces allocated to children in urban neighborhoods is crucial in solving emotional and behavioral problems of parents and children. Since the child friendly urban spaces provide potential benefits for urban residents, especially for children has been emphasized that these spaces as well as recreational spaces, social interaction, aesthetics, cultural heritage, and environmental functions can play an important role in the planning and management of urban space. Methodology With attention to the subject and the research objectives, a combination of descriptive-analytical methods will be used as the main method of work. In this study, the accident crash statistics of 2011, which occurred in the legal area of Zanjan neighborhoods, has been studied as a Statistical Society. Based on the explanations and statistics provided, the importance of addressing accidents and analyzing its causes in Zanjan's neighborhoods and recognizing the child-friendly neighborhoods can be realized; therefore, this study tries to use the software Systmatlaat geographic (GIS) to analyze accidents occurred in urban areas pay Zanjan. In principle the purpose of the analysis of accident statistics, identification of black spots and child friendly neighborhoods with the lowest number of accidents is dedicated to, is That can transport authorities and urban planners in order to help and assist the correct decisions. Results and Discussion The main purpose of transportation with a view to geographically overcoming the space, a space formed by a variety of natural and human constraints such as distance, time, management divisions and topography. Transportation for two major reasons geographers's favorite. First, the infrastructure and equipment of the transport network occupy many places in the geographic space And the main base of complex space systems have formed. Secondly, since geographers seek to elaborate spatial relationships, networks are also particularly interested in geographers, because in fact, these networks make spatial interactions possible. One of the areas addressed in the context of child-friendly children's safety and security in public spaces of the city. That's why in this article Zanjan neighborhoods based on physical features and lack of accidents on roads in the district have been studied. Since traffic in the neighborhoods of dormitory residents is low-speed vehicles and drivers because of the recognition of the social and physical characteristics of these areas did not occur randomly in the neighborhood. Meanwhile, the open end of a dead end street in a safe neighborhood and public space available for their childish games and leisure activities, and the development and prosperity of the social interaction and creativity. Conclusion Inequality and social service problems caused by the poor condition of urbanization, the need for planning to meet the urgent needs of age groups, especially children require And the construction of an urban environment compatible with the children's spirits will have a major contribution to social maturity and personality development. The purpose of this research is to identify the child-friendly spaces in Zanjan's urban neighborhoods. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. In order to analyze the data and display the results of the geographic information system. The results showed that neighborhoods like Baharestan, Amirkabir, ziba shahr and arazi paein kooh had fewer accidents due to blocked and blocked passages along with U-turn for vehicle circulation, and more children than street space as Playground use. In contrast to these areas, Islamabad district with network chess the highest percentage of accidents on the Streets of the local is allocated. Also According to conducted analysis of these neighborhoods, In contrast to these areas, places such as Islamabad and Etemadieh have the highest accident rate. As the largest informal settlements of Zanjan Islamabad neighborhood population density notable as one of the most important commercial centers of the city, the neighborhood is known for absorbing journey. This is the checkerboard area network, local traffic and traffic flow on the neighborhood side streets, mainly due to lack of space for children as the playground is used, the risk of accidents increases neighborhood for children. In the neighborhood of Islamabad, neighborhood Etemadieh with network scanning, a neighborhood that is unsuitable for children in this article, because Accommodation privileged children in the neighborhood and low population density, access to open spaces, Leisure in kindergarten games, travel daily to school and home by school service and lack of outdoor space for children to play and interact neighborhood of Islamabad have been better.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The world has undergone a rapid urbanization in the last few decades, especially after the industrial revolution. More than 90% of this growth has occurred in developing cities. This increasing urbanization has had bad consequences, including the formation of problematic settlements. The formation of these settlements has resulted in unpleasant outcomes such as urban undesirable phenomena, low public health, lack of formal jobs, social damage, and etc. So far, there are several ways to organize these settlements. But their weaknesses and failures in solving the problem indicate that this issue should not be analyzed through a radical solution, not through cross-sectional, selective or relational discourse. Apart from the methods of dealing with these settlements, considering the views and attitudes of local residents is one of the most important factors in the process of organizing and tuning of problematic settlements. So now, empowerment has become customary through social partnership. The present study tries to measure the impact of social participation on the empowerment of residents of the informal settlement of Banberz in the city Ilam as the largest and oldest problematic settlement in the city of Ilam from among the five informal settlements in Ilam, as well as how the residents participate of this neighborhood is feasible to reach the empowerment of their neighborhood. Methodology This is an applied and descriptive-analytic method. Data collection is a library and field study. The tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was residents of Babranz neighborhood. The sample size is 376 people based on the Cochran formula and the random sampling method is simple. Data extracted from the questionnaire were analyzed using statistical methods such as correlation coefficient and simple linear regression in SPSS software. Results and Discussion In the present study, the independent variable of social participation and dependent variable is empowerment of the Banberz district, which is quantitatively related to related issues. The findings show that using Pearson correlation coefficient between social participation and empowerment is a direct relationship with 0. 753% and with strong and significant intensity. The coefficient of the independent variable on the dependent variable is equal to 0. 566. Which indicates the ability of an independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent variable. That is, the independent variable explains 56 percent of the variation of the dependent variable. And by upgrading one unit of each independent variable, the variable will be enhanced by the coefficient of the dependent variable. Using this model, an independent variable can well explain the changes of the dependent variable. Therefore, the research question that the impact of participation on the empowerment of the informal settlement of the Banberz district is positively evaluated. One of the policies in the social empowerment strategy for solving the problem is measuring the level of interest of residents in social activities. Therefore, this case has also been investigated in this study. In surveys carried out in the Babranz neighborhood, the interest of residents of the Ba'barz neighborhood with 91. 8% through participation in financing costs, participation in the supply of manpower Participation in decision making and management for activities in institutions and in order to empower the Ba'barz neighborhood. And it can be concluded that the people's participation in the empowerment strategy is basically in the Baberz neighborhood. And that empowerment strategy is the most appropriate solution for neighborhood problems in Banburz, approved by residents of the neighborhood. Conclusion Based on the findings of the research, the effectiveness of social participation on the empowerment of the Baberz neighborhood can be concluded. The best intervention pattern in the informal settlement of Banberz empowerment through social participation, but attracting people's participation effectively and fully requires the existence of such areas and fields as Financial support by the government and its optimal role in the process of preparing empowerment plans because residents are willing to participate in the financial sector due to poor economic conditions and lack of financial affordability of only about 9. 3%. However, considering the structural conditions of the Ba'barz neighborhood, such as ethnic-linguistic convergence, as well as social and group activities, the high proportion of young and educated young people to use education and empowerment programs, residents' willingness to participate in empowerment Neighborhood as an opportunity to improve the status quo allows the use of empowerment strategy.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Today, developing positional planning, the extent of satisfaction from life quality in planned spaces is considered as primary goals in such a way that improving life quality may provide bases for social, economical and spatial development. Enhancing quality of the environment and consequently quality of life is one of the approaches appearing in the domain of reformation and evolution of the concept of development; therefore, paying attention to criteria affecting the degree of residents’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction can be effective on understanding the status quo of quality of residence. There are different approaches to studying the quality of housing environments, in which the "housing satisfaction theory" by identifying effective factors on satisfaction and dissatisfaction and reflecting residents' views on the more realistic status of quality in residential settings, as an appropriate approach and is effective in assessing and improving the quality of the habitat environment. The nomadic community in Iran is a social reality and an integral part of the historical-cultural structure. In the national corpus of the society, it is considered as prolific member in such a way that its economic, social, and defensive roles is undeniable though the ratio of nomads is lower than cities and villages. If those rural regions, as they it is proper, do not receive officials’ attention, gradually will lose its role and status as effective demographic points in development of provinces and Iran. Methodology The present study is aimed at investigating variables affecting residents’ satisfaction with the environmental quality of life from the perspectives of four settlement towns in DashtBakan in Fars Province. The study is applied and developmental in terms of objective, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and quantitative in terms of the nature of data. The sample size was calculated as 384 participants using Cochrane formula. To analyze data obtained from the field study, two descriptive and inferential statistics (including t-test, multivariate regression, and Duncan’ s test) were used. Results and Discussion As identified, the present study aims at investigating the satisfaction of residents in rural regions of nomadic settlement in Bakan Plain. It can be said that generally, the degree of residents’ satisfaction in nomadic residence regions in Bakan Plain with Living conditions is not at a favorable level. According to findings of the present study, the variable of gender has significant correlation with the degree of satisfaction with pollution, security and cleanliness of rural environment. The variable of age has significant correlation with pollution, satisfaction with the status quo in relation with the way of waste collection from the environment, the degree of crowdedness, the state of the network access, and social relations dominating the environment having positive effects on the residents. The variable of marital status has significant correlation only with two factors of the degree of satisfaction with rural facilities and the state of the access network. The variable of education has significant correlation with noise, pollution, the state of garbage, sanitation, rural facilities, and access to services. Furthermore, the amount of income has significant correlation with factors of pollution, quality of waste collection and sewage disposal, rural facilities, and access to services. Conclusion Achieving the real development of Iran requires paying attention to all fields. Among these fields, the nomadic community in Iran has a significant importance because of its difficult conditions of life, and because of this issue, organizing this community has been paying attention. Regarding the strategy of sustainable development in recent decades have had the highest effects on planners’ attitudes, villages of nomad settlement in the studied regions have not been able to provide the sustainability in the life of households residing in the regions in terms of health levels because with the comprehensive approaches and the strategy of sustainable development, a society reaches sustainability when it can provide appropriate conditions coherentlyFindings of the present study show that thevariable of gender has significant correlation with the degree of satisfaction with pollution, security and cleanliness of rural environment. In relation with other independent variables (age, gender, and marital status), no significant correlation with observed with quality of residential environment in the study villages. In addition, the results of Duncan's MRT indicated that Igdar and Safikhani Residents are generally in the highest and lowest levels of satisfaction in Ardkapan Resident in terms of degree of villagers’ satisfaction with their residential environments respectively.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Today considering the increase of social awareness of people towards probable mistreatments in using modern chemical drugs, we witness a huge tendency for using ancient medical treatments including medical herbs. Local medicinal information can be seen clearly in all human fields of activity. For example, curing certain major diseases is available just by applying old medical treatments. In traditional medicine every element of solids, plants, animals, and even various items in human body can be used. In remote, far-fetched places and where there is no accessibility to physians and medicine, most people use home-made remedies. This medical approach is more attainable because of localization, high level cost of treatment, availability of traditional medicine, so on. According to W. H. O. reports, about %80 of human societies uses ancient treatments and medical herbs all over the world. So we like to discuss the purpose and the reasons behind rural tendency in using these kinds of treatments. What are major factors in encouraging rural population in using medicinal herbs and traditional medicine? How are conditions of villages with respect to applicability of medical herbs? Methodology The present study is of applied purpose, quantitative approach and uses a descriptive-analytical method. It is done through field study using a questionnaire with random sampling. Statistical population includes villages of Zooeram, a small city in Shirvan, Khorassan Razavi, with 10 villages including 2095 families. We selected 91 families using random selection with Cochran Formula of 0. 1 error level. After editing the basis of appropriate samples with the number of rural families to 10, participants raised to 139. In order to make this study functionalized, we presented a 20-index questionnaire of theoretical literature to the participants. Reliability of the questionnaire is authenticated by a technical panel of academic staff specialized in rural studies and medical herbs. Validity of the test showed 0. 902 for all indexes using α-Chronbach coefficient, meaning a high internal correlation of indexes. We used both descriptive and inferring method\s to analyze date. Results and Discussion Analyzing the data shows that most people prefer to use medicinal herbs taken from nature at least once their life time, rather than chemical drugs. Major reference for this attitude is oral, chest to chest quotations of their old generations. It also shows that there is a meaningful correlation among research indexes, that is, all factors together encourage people to use medicinal herbs. Entropy approach resolves that fear factor of using chemical therapy is the most important reason for people to apply traditional treatment. Also ranking different villages in the area for using this kind of remedy shows that Hossein Abad possessed 1 (top rank) while Abd Abad went 10 (lowest rank) using Vikor Model on the basis of 20indexes. So people in Hossein Abad prove to have the highest tendency toward using traditional medicine among all villages in the area. Conclusion Generally speaking, we can conclude that rural population prefers to apply medicinal herbs more than chemical drugs because of their compatibility with our culture and also acceptability of human body. Since there are various local approaches to this kind of treatment, we propose the following: 1. Making medical herbs available and easy to distribute all over the country 2. Providing appropriate tactics and applying functional strategies in selling and accessing medicinal herbs in different villages regarding necessary standards 3. Providing and propagating necessary information in related issues among rural population and transferring updated information in research and marketing.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Hence, one of the basic strategies of rural development based on tourism potential is to liberate the rural environment of isolation and lack of due attention and provide balanced development. During the past few decades, rural tourism development experience in developed countries on the one hand; and economic fragility of rural areas; rising unemployment and exit the younger generation of rural communities because of the lack of job opportunities in the field of agriculture and lack of employment in other sectors, on the other hand. Prompted the government to ban Islamic Republic of Iran to meet and create development incentives, in order to fulfill the objectives, set by the twenty-year perspective document of the country, using the powers of deprived areas, especially rural tourism in its agenda. So that in the Fourth Development Plan (1388-1384) government policies to develop tourism in rural areas, resulting in committees and working groups operating in tribal villages of rural tourism and tourism goal. Tourism target villages refer to villages that due to natural attractions, historical, cultural been identified, to provide the infrastructure required, the field of rural tourism development provide, 147/5000 In this regard, the average number of 5 to 15 villages in 31 provinces cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism in the framework of the policies chosen. Colm village of functions Badre city in the northwestern province of Ilam in 1386 during government Cabinet was appointed as village tourism target, which is great in terms of tourism potential conditions. However, poor infrastructure and lack of program has identified tourism as a complement to traditional activities such as agriculture and farming village is in the process of development of the village actor. In this respect, Managers village, said: "Colm to become village tourism purpose, the stage name stuck, and in line with its action was taken. " However, imply and regional planning and managing the development of village tourism in Dmtryf position Colm. However, since the pattern and plan for tourism development on a strategy for development and protection of natural and cultural values need. Question whether the framework of a program of tourism development strategic planning process can be formulated for the village of colm? Provide acceptable response. Methodology Research is based on the results of applied research and in terms of the nature and objectives, the type is descriptive. The population of the research includes: all managers and experts30 of those judgments that targeted a convenient sampling method were selected. The main basis of the methodology of the study comprehensive framework strategy, which consists of four phases beginning, data entry, and decision-making is matching or comparison. Results and Discussion Phase input in the form of two internal factors evaluation matrix (IFE) and external factors evaluation matrix (EFE) by field studies (interviews, observations and questionnaires) internal and external environment cabbage tourist destination, so 16 strengths, weakness 16, 14 and 19 the opportunity to threaten a total of 30 drivers and 35 components were identified inhibitors. Shows that this tourist destination, with the score (2/68) of the internal factors evaluation matrix that is higher than the average 2/5, a total of more strengths than weaknesses faced with is also based on external factors evaluation matrix, Points take advantage while overcoming the threats, weaknesses diminish. Based on the results of the evaluation matrix 2/68 and 2/62 respectively internal and external factors that are, to the home position (V) is maintenance. Conclusion Internal and external factors evaluation matrix based on the total final scores, location, tourist destination, in the maintenance of coordinates score was 2/68 and 2/62. In order to achieve a closer strategic position, and calculate the mean and standard deviation Comments Respondents were drawn in the matrix, the numbers obtained in large amounts from the house of maintaining the status quo cover. So protective strategies in priority and according to experts, growth strategies and build a positive attitude resonated and was the next priority. The ranking strategies through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), important strategies were identified.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The environmental degradation caused by villager's unsustainable usage from natural resources in various forms such as the use of resources for fuel, excessive grazing, land use change of pastures and lands to agricultural usage and the use of chemical fertilizers to fertilize the land and harvesting more crops leads to environmental pollution and in particular flowing waters. In recent years Bonab has experienced many environmental challenges such as problems caused by excessive water withdrawals from aquifers for agricultural and industrial usages. It is certain that diversification of activities such as diversity of activities and sources of rural income will lead to reducing pressure on the environment. But the studies show that there is a significant relationship between development and tourism prosperity with promotion of environmental awareness in rural areas. Therefore this paper is to explain the role of tourism in promoting environmental awareness of villagers in touristic route of Savar-Tutakhaneh in Bonab. This route as the hub of touristic attraction of Bonab city has been receptive to a number of tourists in recent years and this has made the environment of this region vulnerable. So the main question that is explored in this research is that if there is a significant relationship between the development of tourism and promotion of environmental awareness of villagers. In this regard assumptions for this research are as follows: There is a relationship between tourism development and promotion of environmental awareness of the villagers; Methodology This study aimed to investigate the role of tourism in promoting environmental awareness of villagers and it is a descriptive and analytical research. The purpose of this research is developmental with a descriptive and analytical nature and it’ s a descriptive and causal comparative research. The research population consisted of rural residents in touristic route of Savar-Tutakhaneh. Using simple random sampling and based on the Cochran formula, the sample size for this study obtained 200 persons, also for the equality in test and result, 200 of residents of tourist less villages were selected as control group. The measurement tool is a researcher made questionnaire. Also, via a questionnaire, the variables of current research were measured using 87 closed questions and for scoring, Likert five-optional questions were used. In scoring, since a series of questions have been raised in the negative direction, using SPSS software, re-encoding has been done for these kinds of questions. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Using Cronbach's alpha formula, the reliability of the questionnaire obtained 0. 85. Also for data analysis the Spearman correlation test, t-test and chi-square were used. Results and Discussion The results of spearman correlation test showed that except of two variables of air pollution and the contamination of water resources, other variables (Protection of flora and fauna, soil conservation, lack of noise pollution, use of organic farming methods, reducing the use of fossil fuels, systematic and healthy waste disposal and not to use of non-renewable materials. ) significantly have a positive correlation of 0. 000 with tourism development. The results of Chi-square test showed that the significance level of chi-square in tourist less villages in all variables is more than 0/05 except for the two variables of air pollution and the contamination of water resources, so it can be said that with 95% of confidence there is a correlation between tourism development and other variables. The t-test results show that there is not a significant correlation between the variables of air pollution and the contamination of water resources with the variable of tourism development. But there is a significant relationship between the rest of variables with tourism variable and the central index average in touristic villages is 4/035 and in tourist less villages is 3/29. Conclusion The results showed that promotion of villagers awareness in the fields of protection of flora and fauna cover, soil conservation, using organic farming methods, reducing the use of fossil fuels, healthy and systematic waste disposal and lack of using nonrenewable materials are the impacts of development and strengthening of tourism in rural areas. According to the results we can say that rural tourism plays an important role in promoting environmental awareness in rural areas and by providing service amenities in villages and attracting more tourists, it is possible to promote this awareness more than ever. In addition, we can expect professional behavior from villagers about protecting the environment, if we provide specialized training to them. It should be noted that while considering the important role and function of governmental executive organizations in field of increasing the role of tourism in promoting villagers environmental awareness, non-governmental organizations such as NGOs, co-operatives and so on can have a positive and effective role. On the other hand, according to the findings of this study and the results of other domestic and foreign scholars, increasing the sense of responsibility and awareness of environmental protection among villagers depends on improving their livelihoods, so it is better that improving the Economic indicators of rural livelihoods become as a key element of the planning.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The livestock profession is one of the toughest businesses. The rural and nomadic society of the country is a society that is the basis of its livestock is in the traditional method and use of rangelands. Traditional livestock depends on several factors. The most important factors are topographic status of this area, rangeland and vegetation status, skill, knowledge and awareness of the exploiters, and the availability of facilities for animal husbandry activities. The surveys indicate that the level of performance, efficiency and productivity in this subsection is also lower than the average of developing countries because of a variety of reasons. Despite of the great contribution of traditional livestock systems in producing a large portion of the country's milk and meat, they have unstable conditions to survive. Over the past few decades, with population increase and increased living standards, excessive consumption and of course it is out of ecosystem power, alterations in use and cultivation of more land and pastures, recent droughts, as well as due to industrialization of livestock units, not enough attention is paid to rural farms. And that has led to this traditional livelihood, in some rural areas with long history going into recession. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to study the causes and factors affecting livelihood recession in livestock and compare it in two areas of plain and mountainous areas. The current research seeks to answer this fundamental question: What are the causes and effective factors in the recession of traditional livestock in the villages of the two areas of the plain and mountainous of Al-Qchyn rural district? Methodology Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the factors affecting the recession of traditional livestock in the studied villages. The methodology of this research from the perspective of goal is practical, and from the perspective of the method is descriptive-analytical. Method of data collection is a combination of documentary and field methods. Its theoretical foundations are based on documentary-library studies. Data is collected by field method using questionnaire, interview with ranchers and experiences of writers. The statistical population of the present study consisted of livestock households living in Al-Qchyn rural district; functions of Choram city. The sample size was determined by using the Cochran formula, including 198 households. Formal and content validity used to test the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the research was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, by calculating the value of 0. 795 for the plain area variables and the value of 0. 743 for the mountainous area variables. And the data from two areas were analyzed by SPSS software; by using appropriate statistical tests. Results and Discussion Studying the results of this study in explaining the severity of each factors affecting traditional livestock recession in the two plains and mountainous districts of Al-Qchyn rural, has shown a difference in the level and type of these components in this two areas. According to the Mann-Whitney test, which was taken at 95% confidence level, the results indicate that the most significant difference between the two regions is deduced in the indicators of the amount of holding training-promotional courses and the cost of drugs and vet with the amount of (Sig =0. 000); and the most equal status of the situation in the two regions and the absence of significant difference was obtained in the indicators for the implementation of the plan and operations to protect the environment with the value of (Sig = 0. 833) and investment in other livestock activities with the value of (Sig = 0. 567). Also, studies have shown that among the studied components in this research; the most important and most typical cases of traditional livestock recession in the two studied areas are the status of recent droughts, the tendency of the young workforce to engage in activities other than this profession and the changes that have emerged in the today's lifestyle of villagers, especially the younger generation. Issues such as raising awareness of livestock breeders, their utilizing of modern methods and holding training and promotional courses have a small contribution to the recession of this craft in the two studied areas. Studies also indicated that the status of training and promotional courses and the motivation to invest in livestock affairs had a greater impact on the mountainous region than the plains in the traditional livestock recession, except for cases of participation of the new generation of women and girls, and other studied components also has led to a recession in the plains area more than the mountainous area. Conclusion According to the mentioned contents and the conditions of the country's economic strength, production should be at the forefront of special attention. Since many people are still engaging traditionally in animal husbandry, there must be some ways to improve its condition and durability. The ways including: allocating subsidies to parts of affairs, paying attention to the promotion and promoters of villages, Management placement for livestock breeders and organizing them in the form of cooperatives, etc.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The rapid growth of metropolitan areas in the world with increasing population in the cities, many problems such as traffic and disrupt transport in the city has created so the problem is one of the main challenges facing urban planning in the late twentieth century that achieving sustainable urban development, influence is so due to rapid population growth in cities and increasing personal journeys and side problems such as unnecessary consumption of energy and environmental pollution and congestion caused by increased traffic private cars One aboard, congestion in the central streets of the city, transport system specific demands, particularly in densely populated cities, which require more careful planning. Without doubt one of the desirable features and characteristics of the urban environment, Easy access, fast and reliable citizens in various parts of the city and enjoy a variety of users in the city. City metropolitan area to be increasing day by day in addition to a waste of time, can cause psychological and neurological damage to citizens. So, this issue has caused in this article is to review and analyze the determinants of citizens use bicycles as a means of transport deal. Use of bicycles and the relationship between employment, education, income and interest of citizens in the use of bicycles for trips within the city for pedestrians, For the use of bicycles and promote it as the best alternative vehicles short in town environmental pollution in the city, For years, the most important industrial countries has been institutionalized. The methodology of this study is descriptive, so that the initial data using the methods of documents, collected at a later stage, the distribution of questionnaires in the city. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical; the information gathering method is library and field information. First, the initial information is collected using documentary and survey methods. In the next step, the questionnaire distributed across the city has been analyzed and analyzed using statistical techniques and software such as SPSS and EXCEL. The statistical population includes citizens of the city of Rasht. The statistical sample was selected among male citizens. For estimation of the sample size, due to the size and size of the society, and the convergence and harmony of the people of the community, the method of personal estimation has been used. The questionnaires were distributed through random sampling among different groups of citizens. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed. Results and Discussion Rasht in terms of geographical location at 29 degrees 35 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees 16 minutes north latitude is located. According to the official census in 1390, the resident population of 639, 951 people daily fix floating. Floating population is steady daily Rasht, Gilan as a mother over 1, 200, 000 people. The population of the town on vacation and months travel years, up to two million. Rasht city most compact size in terms of population and in terms of the proportion of day and night is also ranked first in the country. Level map of city streets at a glance, can be understood that the formation of the passages of the law and order does not follow accepted normal traffic. In this city, according to the available weak in the city center and weaknesses of the following passages NEW passages old, often places a three-way have emerged, in addition, the main thoroughfares of the city has a suitable width and most of them with two and three lane has great potential are such that 9 thousand vehicles per hour on the road unable to move, but given the network of existing streets, with any width in the central part of the city witnessed the traffic will be. To solve this problem you should on the one hand and on the other side of the network of bypass roads organized in the entrances into the city is necessary for City suburban traffic, According to surveys, less than 40 percent of citizens surveyed have a bicycle who used it as a vehicle for sports and leisure use, climate (rainfall consecutive) inappropriate, especially in the second 6 months of the year, lack of comfort bikes, the prolonged route for cycling because of the physical level of the city and consequently increase the ETA and especially the lack of express lanes for cycling in the city of Rasht important factors for wanting the citizens of Rasht for bicycle trips in the city of. Conclusion However, The results indicate that a significant relationship between the use of bicycles and variables such as the interest of citizens, citizen education, income, and there slowing traffic, This means that the use of bicycles to reduce traffic in the city will have a great impact, And between the two there is a significant relationship. From the other hand, the interest of citizens in the desire for inner-city bicycle use in town impact, And the employment rate citizens use bicycles as there are significant correlations, So that citizens have a high occupational status, such as non-governmental and non-students are more inclined to use bicycles. With a significance level of 95 percent on the assumption (iv) the level of education between citizens and their use of bicycles there are also accepted. And also between the income levels tend to use bicycles there is a significant correlation. In general, urban management and organizations of cycling in the city of Rasht need strategies to make the growth and development of cycling as a vehicle for city and with information and advertising about the immense benefits of using bicycles the increasing willingness of people to use bicycles as a means for commuting within the city walk.