MOSKUYA
Year:2009 | Volume:3 | Issue:10|Papers Count:16

The establishment of Qajar dynasty coincided with serious acquaintance of Iranians with new sciences because this era is simultaneous with astonished development of west countries using new sciences and technology. Besides these universal changes, a challenge appeared among European governments that in a short time affected other part of the world including Asia. At this time, Iran unwillingly entered the global politics due to his specific geographical and strategic situation. This challenge between European governments and their relations with Iran caused Iranians become familiar with west civilization and new sciences.Therefore this diplomacy which was dominant on European government’s relations among each other as well as with Iran created ways for Iranians in which they become familiar with western new sciences.This article intends to study the formation of Iranians first serious acquaintance with new sciences and the ways in which this significant event occurred.

To the present, though many – nevertheless insufficient- books and essays have been written on Mazdakian’s doctrine and movement by Iranian, Muslim and foreigner – in the old and modern days- historians and writers from different viewpoints and various taking sides, one of the problems about this movement that has not been studied enough is the important affair of its social- class base which has not been done a suitable description and analysis on it neither in old sources nor in new investigations. Due to the necessity, this writer has the intention of excavating on the foresaid problem in the meanwhile of several subjects, to hope by breaking the ice , other researchers also try more in deepening of mentioned problem. Anyhow, in short, the present analysis contrary to a worthy researcher’s view, is based on this hypothesis that not only poor cultivators(or poor dihghans)but all of the indigent classes and groups of society (whether rustic or urban) have taken part in the broad- based Mazdakian taking off.

Mirza Aghakhan E'temadodoleh Nouri is one of the negative characters in collective memory of Iran nation. He is known as responsible for peace treaty of Iran, Paris and Britannia and known as traitor that presented one of the most historical sites of Iran known as Harat to Britannia. Life and character of Mirza Aghakhan Sadr-e-A'zam Nouri   had many changes of perspective and judgments because he appointed chancellor after Amirkabir and because of his involvement in fall of Amirkabir. Iran in time of his power involved in foreign conspiracies of two colonial countries that were Russia and Britannia. Russia and Britannia started their colonial policy in Iran in Ghajar era and therefore Iran entered their grand game especially Britannia's. The fact that remains hidden from researches and historians is that Iran's diplomacy was impotent or corrupted, however geopolitical view of these two countries were ignored and capitulation rights of Britannia and Russia that they abused. In Mirza Aghakhan Nouri councillorship era, he for creating a balance against Russia and Britannia, he tried to make relations with American and European countries; actually it was from this era that foreign countries had entered Iran. In this paper relations between Iran and Russia and Iran's role in Crimean War surveyed.

Ascetics movement is one of the oldest social and cultural movements in the Islamic era that could not be recognized remarkably of the shadow of Islamic Sufism and could not introduce its dimensions as they are worthy. Therefore, this article is to survey some parts of Islamic history and culture. Identifying the associations between the asceticism and Sufism, and paying attention to Ascetics’ functions which shows the flexible approaches of this huge cultural and social movement, tells that how seclusion, simplism and the fear from divine punishment as the first approach of this movement, slowly, and based on political and social changes in the society was replaced with critical and dynamic debate that criticized the deviation from Islamic basis in the Bani-Omayyah’s era. After this important topic and in response to fundamental intellectual and cultural needs, and based on change and evolution approach, admission of theosophical characteristics was acceptable and Ascetics movements was changed into Sufism and theosophical movement.

Many Iranian migrations into ASIA-MINOR that was highlighted with the great conquest of ALP-ARSALAN in MANZIKRET, elaborated with the Mongol attacks since the 7th century .Roman SeljukiIan regime foundation too soon propounded ANATOLIA as a new degree of power and safety at the same time as a heart of cultural movement that the expansion of Iranian elements was played up more than others.The main point in the present research is to reveal of how and how much the Iranian immigrants affected about Persian Culture Expansion in ASIA-MINOR. The author utilizes a historical manner along with descriptive aspects to expose references and entropies and has tried to compare the research references with the master references and discourses if some differences appear.Next to collecting the names and modes of Iranian migrants from late 5th century to early 9th century moved to this region and led off, other researched items indicate that Iranian peoples have raised culture, custom, and tradition and exhibit signs of science and art of the Great Seljuk Empire and have created a lot more. Among the shares to Iranians and Roman Seljukian rulers and the proper situation between, a bed was made for Iranian culture to grow.The present research clarifies the truth of above items by drawing statistic charts from Persian publications in ASIA-MINOR as a sample of Iranian culture’s growth.Along with analyzing different professions, this thesis investigates the presence of Iranians as Sovereign Mandate or Guide Escort, Minister and judgment and searches the signs of Iranian culture in Roman Seljukian court.

Safavid dynasty was established by help of a tribe entitled Ghezelbash (Mogul soldier). The kings of this dynasty reigned continually from 905 to 1135 A.H. After the death of Shah Tahmasb (I) in 984 A.H., his children had disagreement between themselves for succession and his formal successor Heidar Mirza was killed by adherents of Esmail Mirza who were jailed in Ghahghaheh castle and Esmail Mirza came to the throne by title of "Shah Esmail (II)". During his short period of reign, he killed or made many princes and commandors of Ghezelbash dynasty`- blind. Eventually,he was poisoned and died.When Shah Esmail (II) died (985 A.H.), his brother Shah Mohammad came to throne.During his reign period , two commanders of Shamloo and Ostajloo tribes entitled Ali Gholi Khan and Morshed Gholi Khan opposed to him and elected his young son as governor of Khorasan.Therefore those commanders opposed to each other. Finally, Morshed Gholi Khan won over Ali Gholi Khan and elected Shah Abbass as a king again in Kooh Sangi in Mashhad and introduced himself as Vakil al-Saltaneh (minister of court) . After a while , he left Khorasan to Qazvin with Shah Abbass,and entered into the court with no murder and Shah Abbass came to throne and Morshed Gholi Khan became as absolute commander of Iran who was named Vakil al-Saltaneh. Shah Abbass was a wise and clever young man who believed that the influential and powerful commanders of Ghezelbash were obstructive elements for independency of his absolute reign, so he ordered Morshed Gholi Khan to omit his opponents. He omitted the pillars of the previous government. Shah Abbass killed all refractories of Ghezelbash by help of Morshed Gholi Khan. Finally, he killed Morshed Gholi Khan in Chaman in Bastam. (10th day of Ramazan, 997 A.H.).

One of the outstanding & famous politicians is Mirza Hasan Mostofi-al-mamalek during Qajar period who has been minister & prime minister alternately. His family has been responsible for finance affairs longevity. Mostofi has been attented for civil politicians because of his honesty & moderation in policy. Then he became the prime minister in the Qajar & Constitutional era & the first Pahlavi period. This article analyzes the Mostofi's career during the Qajar era & his last cabinet in the Pahlavi state, for understanding of the tends of Pahlavi modernist state on side the traditional intellectuals in the first its decades.

Tamisheh is one of ancient and important cities of Tabarestan region located on Tabarestan border with Gorgan , and mentioned as Fereydoon's (mythic king of Aryans) residence. Anoshirvan, the Sassanid king , stayed at it for a period of time and by his order the fortified wall of this city was built to save it against the Turks' and the eastern tribes ' forays.This city in post Islamic era resisted against many Caliphs' generals campaigns , and during these battles was frequently ruined and its people were slaughtered . in Maziyar's rebellion and many other battles between local dynasties, Tamisheh was for a while under attacks , until it got hurt deeply by Mongols' and Timurids' invasions and ranished from the face of the earth for ever.

After capture of Iran by Arabs , just special aspects which has appeared until Constitutional Revolution in different forms was conflicts between leaders and commanders of Ghezelbash and Iranian civil officers. These conflicts were remained in force as Shah Esmaeel reached power. He has used these conflicts in order to strengthening and protecthing his power and rule, knowingly and in a plot - tropic method. Clanned differences and conflicts among Ghezelbash continued in Shah Tahmasb reign and also it got new form throughout killing of the queen in the time of Mohammad Khodabande. The reign of Shah Abbas in fact was the time of Ghezelbash power limitation and also the time of establishing the new military posts. In deed, it was the time for the third power and element instead of Ghezelbash into consideration.This period was an age in which, Turk and Tajik people in conflict with each other, faced up to Armenians and Georgians. In deed, enmity between these two groups had not an end. The conflicts continued in the period of Shah Soleyman and specially in Shah Soltan Hossein period and fold Safavid dynasty up throughout the killing of Lotfalikhan and Fathalikhan well know as Etemad-Al-doleh and also by Afghan onslaught because of instability in official structure. In other words, this two factors lead to safavid dynasty.

After the siege of Esfahan in 1134 A.H. by Mahmud Afghan , with the recommendation of Mohammad Qoli Khan Shamlu , the grand vesir , and Mohammad Aqa-ye-Khwajeh Uzbashi, this decision was taken that the third son of Shah Sultan Husein (Tahmasb Mirza) along with Ismail Aqa-ye-Khwajeh Jubbahdarbashi (the tutor) , Mohammad Ali Khan the son of Aslan Khan Mohammad Alikhan, the rifle keeper, Rajab 'Alikhan the previous overseer, Mirza Sadeq, the Annals writer, and some of special servants along with Haji Hashem Tabrizi 200 men from Tabriz set out to Azarbayjan in 22nd Shaban 1134 A.H./ 1722 A.D., secretly.Tahmasb Mirza along with his men, after passing Kashan intered Qazvin and settled there in Dawlat-khaneh. It is said that the hopeless people of Qazvin showed a great happiness and inspite of being afraid of the situations, welcomed Tahmasb and his men in the city, without thinking this fact that these people could not solve their problem with the Afghans. In the 30th of Moharram in 1135 A.H., instead of taking care of Qazvinians and their problems , became deaf and blind , started amusing themselves by feasting and taking drinks.After receiving the news from Qazvin, Mahmud Afghan sent his commander 'Aman Allah Khan along with Ashraf, his cousin, to destroy Tahmasb and his men. On the other hand, by hearing the attack of Afghan in Qazvin, Tahmasb with his men ran away towards Tabriz and left the people of Qazvin alone in the hands of Afghans.The people of Qazvin had no alterative but to accept the invaders into the city and settling them in their houses. After a few days, seeing their bad behaviors, attitudes and demands, revolted against them. Some of the Afghans were killed and the rest ran away Esfahan. Seeing the withdrawal of Afghans, Mahmud became furious and killed many Esfahanians. This uprising of Qaznavians was the first uprizing against Afghan invaders in Iran and became the first example which was followed by other cities in Iran. Specially in Esfahan which caused Mahmud's death and the final falling of Afghan power in Iran.