MOSKUYA
Year:2007 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:10

By beginning of industrial, economical,and intellectual changes of the west world and its influence on the east world‏, due to their neighbourhood to the west world, Russia and Ottoman began to be influenced by intellectual thoughts of the west world before other western centres. Therefore intellectuals and statemen in most eastern countries applied the patterns used by these countries and as Azarbayejan and Gillan were situated on the route of trade communications and had intellectual relation with Russia and Ottman, they were informed of west world changes sooner than other cities. Thus Amir Kabir‏, one of the great statemen in Iran, also could change his intellectual thoughts by using intellectual proceedings of these three centres.

Mirza Mohammad Sadegh Marvazi‏, a historian of Qajar period‏,‏was from Shahjahan‏marv‏. At first, Mirza Mohammad Sadegh was positioned as a secretary in Fath-Ali Shah court and then as a historiographer, who composed poems and adopted "Homa" as a pen name for himself. In a short time, h‏e attained suitable positions, there after he was sent to several domestick and abroad missions by Fath-Ali Shah and Abbas‏ Mirza.Since,historiographer was among few persons who wrote letters to Ghaem Magham and consulted with Ghaem Magham and Abbas‏ Mirza, he was aware of court affairs and in some of his works, he has revealed the court secrets and events directly and indirectly.His available works include Sheyam-e-Abbas‏i, Zinat-al-madayeh, Divan (‏complete poetical works) of Hom‏a Marvazi,Tohfeye Abba‏si, Rahat-al-arvah, Story of Mirza Sadegh, Majma-al-asrar, debate b‏eween intelect and fortune, portrait of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, and history of Jahan-Ara. Among these, "History of Jahan Ara" is probably his best work.This article ‏ tries to look at cultural, scientific and political life of Mirza Sadegh Marvazi using the "history of Jahan Ara,-2nd volume".

One of the most important achievements of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution is the formation of various political Anjomans. This Anjomans had effective role in the socio-political development in Iran durning the first Constitutional era, but their goals and activities were different. The National (radical) and political Anjomans, as the main defenders of the Constitutional regime and the National Consultative Assembly, acted so radically that stimulated the anger hatred of pro-despotism and even the reformists of moderate bureaucrats. Consequently a few months before the end of the first assembly period, there was a strong reaction against the Anjomans in the assembly, which caused the elimination of all the reaction Anjomans later on. This Article intends to study and analysis the formation, activities and achievements of the Anjomans against the pro-despotism during the first Constitutional era.

In this essay the role of religion in the political thought of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi has been investigated by comparative study between Shahnameh and translation of some political works of ancient ages of Iran . This matter has been studied in the some important political papers of Islamic age and it is resulted that the political thought of Shahn‏ameh is based on ideal kingship which basically resulted from philosophy of Zoroastrianism. Therefore, according to the theory of ideal kingship, the association of religion and policy is unavoidable, so the clash of the ideas of religious innovation by government is necessary, because everything that weakening the basis of the religion, it is also caused to weaken the ideological basis of the government and this threaten the eternity of government accordingly.

As a result of the centralization of the power, security, and the hegemony established by the ilkhanids, the grounds of commercial flourishment were prepared and the urban economy in many significant sections of their territory started development. The commercial development in the Ilkhanid era, being directly connected with the Mongol might in their vast empire‏ embodied the development of the commercial routes in this era. In this period of history, commercial activities in both land and sea routes bloomed significantly. Mongols had a particular consideration for the commercial routs and being concerned with the importance of commerce, they were diligent to help them secure. More than one fourth of the Ilkhanid government income was required from trades as commerce, therefore, diligent effort and the further flourishment of the commercial routes was only natured. The subject of this study is to survey the situation‏ of a part of the commercial routes in the Ilkhanid era which placed in frontiers regions and connected routes to the world commercial and caused to influrish commerce, economy and culture.

Seljuk dynasty could be considered as the most important government which was established by Turks. We can see a great change in culture and civilization of Islam specially Iran during the rulership period of first kings of the dynasty. Toghrol-Ibn-Mikail-Ibn- Seljuk was the real founder of this dynasty. He sat on Throne in Nishaboor in 1008 and thereafter Seljuk government attained great glory and large country and made good progress in caliphate court and predominated on all affairs of caliphate by defeating and killing Basasiri. Thereafter that sermon had ‏ been read at the postrum and its kings names were engraved on dinar and drachma. Like other kings, Seljuks kings also have ministers who in fact have ministry position and power of sword and writing. This article tries to introduce the ministers of great Seljuk kings and also to describe actions and fates of them by using historical sources.

Imam-ol-haramain ‏Joveini,‏‏ Abdolmalk -‏ebn‏- Abu Mohammad- ebn-Abdollah Yousef, who was dead in 478 A.‏H (according to ‏ Lunar Calendar) was one of the great Shafeieh Imams of Khorasan and the first teacher of Nishabor Nezamieh‏. Many of the famous scholars, erudites and scientists of the fifth and sixth centuries, including Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Kiaharasi and Abol Mozafar Khvafi, were proud of being his disciples.His scientific and spiritual reputation passed beyond Khorasan territory and was known by all in Iraq , Sham and Hejaz, and almost 400 students and jurists attended his classes all the time. Nishabor Nezamieh school was established by Khaje Nezam-ol–Molk for him and gave him the right of its custodian‏ship, teaching, giving lecture and‏ discution ‏in this school from 456 A. H until his death in 478 A. H for 22 years‏. Imam-ol-haramain wrote many books and compositions. ‏Ebn-e-‏khallakan said he had composition in every science all of which were used as textbooks by students in Nishabor Nezamieh. Among his main works was Nehaiat-ol-Matlab fi Derayat-ol- Mazhab.‏ Imam-ol-haramain was one whose virtues were confirmed by the greats‏, whether they were Arab or non-Arab. Besides‏, Imam-ol-haramain title that was given to him because of residing near Holy Shrines (Mecca and Madina) and teaching and issuing decrees there , he was given another titles such as Shikh-ol-Islam, Imam-ol-Aemmeh, Habr -‏ol- Sharieh.

Beyhaghi is a great historian,who wrote on the important event of Ghaznavid era chronologically and logically, had a unique insight and a particular aim.It is certain that Beyhaghi had a deep understanding of and a special philosophy on historical events. He depaicted all rules governing historical writing by relating events and interpereting the fate of his personages. Giving jast a chronological report of the events did not consist Beyhagi’s frame of thought and objective, rather his aim was to leave behind a work which not only contained and analysis of the why and how of events and the status of man vis-a-vis history, but also made a useful example for the humankind.In the present article, the author tries to illustrate Beyhaghi’s insight in recording events and his philosophy of history.