MOSKUYA
Year:2011 | Volume:6 | Issue:17|Papers Count:9

The attacks of Mongol tribes to the different territories of the world including China, Iran, northern parts of Caspian Sea, and Asia Minor destroyed many cities and slaughtered many people. After some time, Mongol's rulers started to rebuild and renovate the regions governed by them thanks to the application of appropriate bureaucracy, competent and qualified authorities, as well as experienced scientists, scholars, craftsmen, and artists. Due to the cooperation of prominent statesmen of the dynasty of Juvaini, Khajeh Nassir al-Din Tousi, and Khajeh Rashid al-Din Fazlollah Hamadani, a broad commercial relation was established politically and culturally between Iran and China. Moreover, such a new relation was established with the Europe and Christian countries, and more people from the West travelled to the East. Therefore, the western people, who had acquaintance with the East through the Islamic parts of Spain and the Crusades up to the time of Mongols' attack, could transfer the culture, and many advanced sciences of the East to the West, leading to a great change in the West, which is called renaissance. This research aims to answer what the role of Iranian statesmen is in the transfer of the culture of East to the West, as this transfer had great effects on the Europe along with other factors. For this purpose, descriptive-analytical method has been used.

The changes occurred in the 19th century in Europe caused extension of competition among European countries to other continents especially Asia. Amang the lands which had great importance was India. In the course of the competition among Europeans to dominate India, the neighboring countries found importance as access paths to that land. One of these lands was Baluchistan. The English, who could have overtaken other competitors from India, decided to create a buffer zone in the south-west of that land in order to bring security for its boundaries. From this time the policy of England concerning east of Iran and Baluchistan started. By establishment Qajar government, its kings tried to develop their domination on eastern boundaries of the country. The attention of English state to Baluchistan was as a defending belt for south-west of India and on the other hand the concentrated view of Qajar king to Baluchistan raised contrast of their policies. In order to achieve their aims, the English were committing any action and they performed diverse plans, however at finally it was the English that could separate a great important part of Baluchistan from Iran as defending shield of India because of weak function of Qajar government against strong diplomacy of England.

"Ayandeh" is one of the influential magazines for Tajadod party which was Published in Tehran monthly by management of Dr.Mahmood Afshar. This monthly magazine published different articles about modernity necessity and  the methods of of development for Iran. The magazine Ayandeh is advocate of national unity, promotion of being Iranian, and changing the monarchy in Iran and more important, it believed in a powerful federal state, because it believed that if there is a powerful federal reformist state, the reforming programs and modernity thoughts will be successful in Iran. It also belived in modernity in social-economic structures specially the role of new education in facilitating the modernity process in Iran. In this article, it deals with the study of viewpoints of this monthly magazine about modernity aspects in Iran and its suitable methods and strategies by reviewing the articles of the first publication of the Ayandeh magazine which lasted until the end of 1306 A.H.S.

A research into “the predictive literature” and its role in the victory of Muslim Arabs over the ancient Persians clearly reveals the mental or moral character of the Persians in the times of military conflicts and make it easier for us to analyze the crushing defeat of the Sassanid Empire by the assailing Muslims. Curious enough to know more about the future of their rule, the ancient kings were deeply interested in the prophecy and prediction of events based on astronomy and interpretation of dreams. For this very reason, they were attaching much importance to the statements of priests and soothsayers and believed in their prognostications. A review of the historical documents and resources proves that the predictive literature played a key role in the culmination or collapse of the Sassanid empire. This, however, does not minimize the importance of other factors behind the foundation or collapse of this great Empire. Indeed, “the belief in failure” grew in the minds of the Persians in the early years of the advent of Islam. The prediction by Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) of the failure of great empires of Persia and Rome contributed immensely to other conquests by the Muslim Arabs.

Safavid Government made great effort for acquisitions of Iranian communitys interest by relying on Qizilbash authority in one side and also relying on bureaucracy and cultural symbols of Iranian society in other side. Safavid governiment commenced reconstruction of national identity of Iran, and in this step he was able to present territorial integrity for Iran. Safavid kingdom continued its path as if were along with Iranian culture, so they did all their efforts for following this in accordance with Iranian satisfaction. One of the most central theads in the process of the development of Sheikh-King Safavi, was the challeng between bureaucratic elements of the literati and Warrior Qizilbash. Safavi religious governiment for surviving and developing have any other choices except granting and assigning inevitably their statecraft and kingcraft to the group that had long and illustrious history in this field. Thus manipulating and conducting of important and impressive institute of ministry was done by Iranian bureaucrat. It seemed inevitable process because their competitors this capability. This conflict paeticularly in Shah Esmaeil Era lead to overcoming the dominates and bureaucratic elements. Then significant changes in line with the development of Master-King government were created by minister of this group.

Saheb Barid and Moshref were inheritance of ancient Iran's bureaucracy that had been considered as two supervisiors of Iran's governments on state's employees and bureaucracy in the first Islamic centuries. They were used by these governments with different authority and influence. According to the structure of governments and political, social and economical factors those are effective in their empowerment. Rulers paid or not paid attention to them, made different results in increasing or decreaseing their authority. Mutually their poor or rich performance was effective in power of centeral governmet. The present article studies historical previous record of these two jobs on this era and review the reasons of the rulers paid or not paid attention.

The invasion and the following entrance of the Arabs to Iran is one of the most important events in the history of Iran. After conquering almost all regions of the country through several wars and conflicts, Arabs arrived to northern regions especially Tabaristan. Under leadership of the local Spahbods, however the people of this region used to resist against occasionally invasions of the Arab conqueries and they refused to accept Islam and preferred to follow their own religion and traditions. Avoiding to accept new religion and existing of anti-Arab ideas remained for more than two centuries-until migrating of Alavids to Tabaristan- therefore inhabitants of the northern regions maintained their own traditional and cultural characteristics-such as religion, rites, language, etc. According to a descriptive-analytical method this research aims to study the movements resistances of the Tabaristani people in the firt centuries of the Islam. The findings of this article show that Tabari Iranian, through their resistance against conquering by Arabs, by assuming themselves as a special part of a whole and according to their Zoroastrian religious motive were defending their own identity, ethnic tendencies and personal desires. This resistance, it seems had a patriotist atmosphere too.

The coffee house has been built in the best places and in the trickiest populated of the city parts as different. In this place, a large crowd from different classes of society gathered together. The coffee house activity was began from Safavid era and reached its zenith in Shah Abass I period. At first, the activities of the coffee houses have been limited to receive tea or coffee people and was calmative place to rest but because this was a humanity and social place, different kinds of recreations and games made current, for example, story-telling (naghali), reading Shahnameh, playing Torna, playing cards (an old Persian card game), dancing the boys and obtaining the information from the events of the city. This paper attempts to consider the coffee house situation in Safavid society, the places that the coffee house was settle, its functions and current recreations and games like story-telling, telling Abu- Moslem′s life, pachisi, and playing cards and so on.