JOURNAL OF CROP BREEDING
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:30 |Papers Count:20

The genotype by environment interaction is a major challenge in the study of quantitative characters because it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and do predictions difficult, also it reduces grain seed yield stability in different environments. In order to determine the yield stability, adaptability and analysis of the genotype × environment interaction of oily sunflower inbred lines under normal and salt stress conditions, 100 genotypes coming from different geographical regions were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications for two successive years (2006 to 2007). In stability analysis using statistics such as environmental variance and coefficient of variation, lines 71 and 33 showed minimum variations compared to other lines. Based on Eberhart and Russell regression method, lines 71, 45, 40 and 25 was the most stable genotypes. AMMI statistics revealed lines with code numbers of 71, 77, 93 and 51 as the most stable genotypes. Biplot technique was used to identify the appropriate genotypes for special environments. Based on this method, lines 71, 61 and 17 showed the lowest interaction and considered as the most stable genotypes. However, line 71 showed highest seed yield compared two other lines. The line with code number of 50 showed special stability and high yield under normal conditions whereas lines 90, 48 showed special stability and high yield under salt stress conditions. In conclusion, based on different stability analysis statistics and AMMI analysis the line 71 are introduced as most stable line under normal and salt stress conditions.

The aims of this study to assess the response of chickpea genotypes to drought stress in terms of physiological parameters and subsequent biochemical changes for more understand of drought resistance mechanisms in plants and accession to better genetic resources. Investigation were of 5 chickpea genotypes under 100, 65 and 30 percent of field capacity at two sampling time i. e. 7 and 14 days after stress induction (in 4 to 6 leaves stage). The experiment design factorial split-plot in time experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications at greenhouse of college of agriculture and natural resource of University of Tehran in 2013. Results showed that there were significant differences among genotypes, stress levels, duration of stress and interaction among them. Drought stress reduced the relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage (EL) significantly. The electrolyte leakage rate under drought stress conditions in drought-tolerant genotypes is usually less than sensitive genotypes; genotypes of 998 and 606 are resistant to this and genotype of 357 are sensitive. Increase of the duration of stress, reduced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. According to the results, the catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes activity in both periods increased in higher drought stress. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased with increasing tension stress. In elevated density of stress, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activity increased to 65% crop capacity in both periods. However, compared to 65%, the enzyme activity decreased at 30% stress level. In regard, the responses of all genotypes were not the same and some genotypes had an elevating trend. Genotypes 606 and 998 showed more activity level in enzymes of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase under stress condition and but genotype 357 had a less value. The activity guaiacol peroxidase in genotypes of 236 and 357 had the highest and lowest activity, respectively. Under drought stress conditions, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was more in tolerant plants than others. Given that the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes were highest in genotypes 606 and 998, so they were introduced as drought tolerant genotypes in this experiment. The genotype 357, with the lowest enzyme activity, was introduced as a susceptible genotype. Of course, the reaction of plants to drought stress varies considerably depending on the severity and duration of the stress, and also plant type and growth stage.

Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of plants around the world. Identification of tolerant cultivars and improving plant tolerance is the most effective method for increasing yield. In order to evaluate the relationship between agronomic and biochemical traits of canola and grouping of canola genotypes in salinity conditions, an experiment was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included of 30 canola genotypes and two levels of salinity (0 and 12 ds/m-1). The evaluated traits include: height, the number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-grain weight, dry weight of plant, leaf and seed sulfur, sodium / potassium ratio, chlorophyll content a and b, carotenoid content, percentage of oil, percentage of protein, Biological yield, harvest index and grain yield per plant. Genotypes in both conditions without salt stress and salinity stress showed significant differences for all traits. The effect of salinity and interaction between genotype and salinity were also significant on the above traits. The 30 genotypes of canola were classified by cluster analysis of Ward method into three separate groups in both conditions, without salt stress and salinity stress. The results of mean comparison showed that in the salinity conditions genotypes (28, 26, 27, 5, 2 and 24) showed the least and The genotypes (3, 22, 3, 6, 7, 16, 20, 21 and 30) showed the highest traits, such as, yield, harvest index, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight. As a result, genotypes of the first group are introduced as sensitive and genotypes of the second group are introduced as tolerated. Factor analysis and biplots had a great similarity to the cluster analysis. According to the results, Salinity tolerant genotypes, can be used for future Plans of plant breeding.

In order to investigate the relationship between agronomic and morphological traits affecting wheat yield, two genotypes of wheat (Gasspard cultivar and DN line), along with generations of crosses (F, F, F, BC and BC ), were examined in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and water deficit conditions in two consecutive years in the field of Research Institute of Nuclear Agriculture of Karaj. Stepwise regression analysis showed that straw yield was the first trait that entered the model and alone explained and of grain yield per plant in normal and water deficit conditions, respectively. Following this trait, under normal conditions, number of grain per spike, grain weight, number of tiller per plant and number of spikes per plant had the high effect on grain yield per plant, explained about of the total variation. In water deficit condition, the number of grain per spike, number of spikes per plant, grain weight and days to maturity justified of the grain yield per plant. The results of path analysis showed that in normal conditions, grain weight, grain number per spike, tiller number per plant, straw yield and number of spike per plant and in water deficit condition, number of spike per plant, number of grain per spike, grain weight and straw yield had the most direct effect on grain yield per plant.

In this study, the genetic diversity of safflower genotypes from the institute of plant genetics and crop plant research (IPK) and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) were evaluated and their agronomic characteristics were compared with five Iranian Safflower cultivars (Sofe, Goldasht, Golmehr, Padide and Parnian). The study was carried out in the Augment design during-at the research field of seed and plant improvement institute in Karaj. The results indicated high genetic variation in the germplasm. Among safflower genotypes, plant height had the most variation. Cluster analysis was divided genotypes into four main clusters. The first cluster included early and spiny genotypes, while the second cluster contained genotypes with high yield potential and high plant height, third cluster consisting of spiny dwarf genotypes and the fourth cluster including semi-dwarf, spiny, relatively early flowering and relatively low grain yield. Based on the principal component analysis, the studied traits were reduced to two components and cumulative variance was. for two first components. Accordingly, the first and second components were flowering time and yield, respectively. Based on the results of biplot, genotypes were classified into four groups. Genotypes in the first and second groups had the higher grain yield than others. The highest grain yield was observed in NSZK "A" genotype ( g. m-). Iranian commercial cultivar including Sofe, Parnian and Golmehr and Iranian genotype No. showed the maximum plant height. The lowest number of days to flowering was observed in genotype No. (German). Tall genotypes had more grain yield than dwarf. Most spiny genotypes were early flowering than spineless genotypes. Overall, the results showed that there is a considerable genetic variation in safflower germplasm that can be used to select parents and desirable genotypes in safflower breeding programs.

There is a little information regarding the chromosomal regions conferring seed zinc accumulation in barley. With the aim of QTL mapping of Zn concentration and content, 121 barley genotypes (including local landraces, released cultivars, gene bank germplasm) were screened under field conditions. The trial was conducted in square latice in 2015-2017 cropping seasons at dryland agricultural research institute (DARI) in Maragheh. To construct genetic linkage map, 149 SSR markers were applied. Based on ANOVA, there was a great genotypic variation for seed Zn concentration and content among the genotypes, which approves the excessive diversity of genotypes. Five QTLs located on 2H, 3H, 4H and 5H were associated with seed Zn concentration, and could explain 81% of total phenotypic variation. Marker BMAG0720 had the highest (25%) phenotypic variation. This marker could also explain 23% of total variation for seed Zn content. Moreover, 5 genomic regions on 2H, 3H and and 4H were associated with seed Zn content. In conclusion, the identification of these major QTLs would provide an important starting point for marker assisted selection (MAS) that may contribute to the improvement of barley productivity and nutritional quality.

The development of high yielding cultivars is the main goal of many wheat breeding programs and the realization of it depends on the relationship between grain yield and its components. To investigate the relationship between grain yield and some morphological characteristics and to determine the relative importance of each of them, 25 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated in both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation systems with randomized complete block design with three replications during the farming periods in a farm featuring Mediterranean climate in west of country between 2014 and 2016 (Kermanshah’ s Sararud Rain-Fed Agricultural Research Station). Variance Analysis results showed significant differences among lines for all studied traits in both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation. Simple correlation coefficients between traits in both conditions indicated that cell membrane stability, flag leaf length, Awn length, relative water content, thousand grain weight and chlorophyll content, are significantly correlated with the grain yield. Regression analysis showed that peduncle length, relative water content, proline content and chlorophyll content in rainfed and traits such as the relative water content and proline content for the supplementary irrigation condition were introduced into regression model, 0/906 and 0/840 of the total changes related to grain yield, respectively. To determine the direct and indirect effects of traits on yield, path coefficient analysis was done, the highest positive direct effects on grain yield were related to peduncle length, relative water content and chlorophyll content under both mentioned conditions, that showed important characteristics in relation to grain yield. Genotype No. 1 (Azar2) for supplementary irrigation conditions and Genotype No. 25 (Rijjaw) for rainfed conditions are superior to the rest of the studied cultivars and lines also can be introduced for cultivation in the climatic conditions of the study area. The physiological characteristics of leaf relative water content, proline content and chlorophyll content as well as morphological traits of peduncle length and flag leaf length are introduced as suitable traits for the improvement of rainfed cultivars.

Drought stress is one of the important factors that inhibit growth and yield reduction in rapeseed. This research was conducted to study the morphological and physiology characteristics of winter rapeseed genotypes under control and drought stress conditions. The experiment was performed-based on randomized complete block design with three replications in at Borujerd agricultural research campus. The results of combined analysis showed that genotype and environment interaction was significant for some traits such as grain yield, flowering period, number of days to flowering and seedling period at probability level. On the other hand, genotype and environment interaction for Chlorophyll was significant at probability level. The results of mean comparisons showed that genotype had the least grain yield in both control and drought stress conditions. L genotype had the highest grain yield under drought stress condition. Growth to flowering and seedling period traits with and in control and drought stress, respectively, had the highest general heritability. In factor analysis, under control and drought stress conditions, the first to fourth and the first to third factors had and of total variance, respectively. Under control and drought stress conditions, the highest genetic distance was observed between genotypes with Ahmadi and with, respectively. As a result, genotypes with more genetic distance than each other can be used as candidates for breeding programs in the future.

In order to preliminary evaluation based on important agronomic traits, 54 soybean pure lines and cultivars were assessed according to augmented design with three control cultivars including Williams, Kosar and Sahar at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute at Karaj in 1395. During the growth period, important agricultural characters such as plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches per plant and dates of emergence, flowering, podding, maturity and harvesting were recorded. The grain yield, 100 seed weight and seed oil percentage were determined after harvest. Based on the results of coefficient of variation (%) of imported genotypes in Karaj region, the highest amount of phenotypic variation was related to the number of empty pods (99. 08), number of pods in ranches (83. 12), number of seeds per plant (72. 73) and number of pods per plant (66. 68) and the lowest phenotypic variation coefficient related to oil percentage (11. 77), number of days to maturity (14. 94) and number of days until grain filling (18. 9). The studied genotypes were classified into four groups based on cluster analysis for all agronomic traits. In addition, the investigation of pure lines and cultivars of imported soybean in terms of response to Phytophthora disease showed that among the 54 genotypes, 22 genotypes had a semi-resistant and resistant reaction. The results of clustering on the basis of resistance to Phytophthora rot divided cultivars in two main groups and four subgroups. In total, it should be suggested that cultivars of Winchester, Beeson 80, Amcor 89, Beeson, L75-3735, L77-1794, Oak land showed high single-plant seed yield and resistance to Phytophthora which could be used in future breeding programs.

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L. ) is one of the medicinal plants of Ranunculaceae family. Its seeds are containing oils, proteins, alkaloids (such as nigellicine and nigellidine), quinines (such as thymoquinone), sapiens and essential oil. Genetic diversity is important in breeding programs, so that selection depends on the existence of genetic diversity in traits. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to select the most successful Black cumin ecotype (s) and to assess the genetic diversity according to the morphological and agronomical traits in some of black cumin ecotypes at two locations based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications (in the research filed of Mohaghegh Ardabili University and Khalkhal city). The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among studied traits in both locations, wich indicates the existance of genetic variation between ecotypes and the difference in location effect on yield and morphological traits of black cumin ecotypes. According to the results of correlation analysis, it can be concluded that the biological yield, leaf number, number of stem branches and number of flowers and follicle were the most important and effective traits affecting yield and considering that among genotypes, the biggest diversity were observed for these traits, therefore, selecting and breeding for these traits can ideally improve the grain yield. Comparison of means of grain yield showed that Karaj, Ardabil 1, Takestan, Hamadan, Lordegan ecotypes were superior to other ecotypes in both locations.

Drought stress is one of the most important non-polluting environmental stresses affecting crop production. In order to identify tolerant fennel populations to water deficit stress and determine the most effective drought tolerance indices, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three separate replications under limited and normal condition of irrigation with 19 fennel populations at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz in 2016. Water deficit stress applied during the beginning of flowering by disruption irrigation. Routine irrigation performed for normal condition. Combined analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference (p ≤ 0. 01) between two irrigation condition and also populations for most traits. Population × condition interaction of most traits was significant (p ≤ 0. 01). The results showed that the number of umbels per plant, number of grain per umbel, grain weight, grain yield and essential oil yield in all evaluated populations are reduced under water deficit stress conditions. While the essential oil of the whole population increased in the water deficit stress conditions. Evaluation of population from the drought tolerance was performed by six different index SSI, TOL, MP, STI, GMP and HARM. According to positive correlation indices MP, GMP, HARM and STI with grain yield and essential oil yeild, under normal and water deficit stress condition of irrigatin this four indicators were identified as the most effective index for determining drought tolerant populations. According to the four major indices, Bonab, Birjand, Germany (11486) and Hamedan populations were identified as water deficit stress tolerant and Qazyantp and Khorshidabad populations were identified as sensitive to water deficit stress. The comparison results showed that Bonab population was the best a population from the important characteristics such as grain yield, essential oil yield, umbels per plant, grain weight and biomass under normal irrigation conditions and from the umbel per plant under stress conditions.

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of quantity and quality of wheat, 30 varieties and lines of wheat were evaluated by SDS-PAGE methode. The banding pattern of glutenin proteins extracted from seed indicated the presence of three subunits in the Glu-A1 gene site, four subunits at Glu-B1 and two subunits at the Glu-D1 site. In the Glu-A1 site, the alleles of the Null, in Glu-B1 site, sub units of 8 + 7 and 18 + 17 and in Glu-D1 site, subunits of 5 + 5 had a the heighest frequency. In this research, the genotypes of Zarin, Pishgham, Azar, Rasoul, Tous, 26 and 29 with genomic score of 10 were identified best genotypes in terms of baking quality. Based on regression analysis of data, allele 2* of loci Glu-A1 explaned 43% of the changes in moisture content, Alleles 2* of Glu-A1 and allele 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 loci justefied 52% of total seed protein variation. Allels 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 locus, allocated 43 percent of Zeleny number variation. Allele 8 + 7 of Glu-B1 locus, showed 40% of hardness variation. Finally alleles 16 + 13 of Glu-B1 locus justifed 38 percent of the starchcontent.

Drought causes detrimental effect on growth and productivity of many plants, including crops. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) as one of the most important legume crops is subjected to terminal drought stress in arid and semi-arid regions. Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles during signal transduction and adaptation response to abiotic stresses such as drought. In the present study, TFs were assessed in a transcriptome analysis in the root and the shoot tissues of two contrasting drought responsive kabuli chickpea. Out of 4572 differentially expressed genes, 1806 TFs were identified using search on the plant transcription factor database (PTFD). The highest members (101) of the TFs belonged to bHLH family, followed by ERF (87), kinase superfamily (76), NAC (74), MYB (72), WRKY (72), etc. The comparison of the tolerant (Bivanij) and the sensitive (Hashem) cultivars under drought stress showed that the TFs were differently distributed based on the cultivars and the tissue types. The TF families including B3, NAC, MYB, WRKY, bHLH, etc. had most members in response to the drought stress. Furthermore, the results revealed that several TFs which were involved in abiotic stress-related responses and major biosynthetic pathways such as ABA and proline biosynthesis were upregulated in the shoot of Bivanij as compared to Hashem indicating the vital role of the shoot for inducing drought tolerance in the tolerant cultivar. As result, these findings help the researches to better understanding of signal transduction and stress-related regulating networks in chickpea and provide the transferring of key TFs and promoting drought tolerance by genetic engineering.

Lentil (Lens culinaris), with its ability for nitrogen fixation, maintaining soil moisture and limiting soil erosion helps in increasing soil fertility. In order to compare and classify of 14 lentil genotypes, an experiment was carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping year of 2011-2012. Analysis of variance indicated remarkable diversities among genotypes under study and significant differences were obtained for seed yield, biological yield, 100-grain weight, number of the pod with couple seed and rain efficiency. Mean comparisons also showed the genotype G10 was the best genotypes for seed yield, biological yield, the pod with couple seed and rain efficiency, so this genotype is advisable for culture by farmers. As the per principal component analysis, first five principal components expressed 83% of total variation in which PC I, PC II, PC III, PC IV & PC V accounted for 41%, 14%, 12%, 8% and 6% of total variation, respectively. Cluster analysis, based on the traits studied, using Euclidean distance following Ward’ s method with Euclidean distance divided the genotypes into three groups and the maximum distance was between cluster I and III. Thus the genetically diverged genotypes of the clusters could be used as the parent in hybridization program to get desirable genotypes. It can be concluded that there is remarkable genetic variability among studied lentil genotypes, which could be utilized in the screening of desirable parents and genotypes for lentil breeding programs.

In order to study the effects of urea fertilizer regime on the differential gene expression of nitrate reductase and agronomic traits in two wheat cultivars, the experiment was carried out in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in 2012 at research field of Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. Experimental treatment included factorial combination of two wheat genotypes (Morvarid cultivar and N8019 line) and two different urea regime (150 kg/ha, by splitting 50 kg at sowing time, and 100 kg at stem elongation, and control (no fertilizer). Root tissue samples were collected at three times including one day and seven days after using fertilizer and at physiologic maturity stage. Nitrate reductase gene expression was measured using Q-PCR technique. Results showed there was significant difference on gene expression using urea in two genotypes. Urea usage has improved all agronomic traits except grain weight. Increases of grain yield were mostly due to more grain number per spike. There was positive significant correlation between gene expression and some traits, such as root length, root dry weight, spike length, grain weight and shoots dry weight. This could be important to introduce a selection index in breeding projects.

In order to identify microsatellite markers linked to some traits of wheat under drought stress at the end of the season, the population included 96 family F2: 4 genotypes derived from the cross Kharchia (tolerant parent) and Gaspard (susceptible parent) were evaluated for 2 years. Of the 92 microsatellite markers used to assess parents, 32 markers were polymorphic that located on chromosomes 2B, 2D, 3B, 4A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D. Based on composite interval mapping was found 3 QTL for plant height trait which were located on chromosome 7B and the highest QTL with the largest LOD equal to 3. 21 was located between Xgwm274 and Xgwm369 and justified 14. 3 percent of phenotypic variation. For number of seeds per main spike trait, 1 QTL was detected on chromosome 2B and 1 QTL was identified on the chromosome 4B for harvest index trait. The common position of some of the located QTLs indicates a genetic linkage or pleiotropic effect. The saturation of the desired map and the evaluation of the stability of the studied traits can confirm the ability to identify the controller QTLs and provide the basis for Marker-Assisted Selection.

Drought is the main abiotic stress seriously influencing wheat production and quality in Iran. Information about genetic controlling drought tolerance inheritance for grain yield is necessary to determine the type of breeding program as well as develop tolerant cultivars, enabling breeders to choose the most appropriate strategy to breeding trait of interest. In this study, Bayesian inference using Gibbs variable selection (GVS) approach used to identify the most important gene effects related to drought tolerance in context generation mean analysis. For this purpose, field experiments consist of two pairs of crosses with non-tolerant and tolerant cultivars and generations derived from them were carried out across two years as split plot designs based on RCBD with three replications in which main plots assigned to irrigation treatment consist of two levels (well watered and cessation of irrigation at pollination stage) and sub-plots given to the generations. To study the inheritance of any trait in generation mean analysis, joint scaling test is applied. Restrictions of degrees of freedom to number of parameters of model and over-or underestimation of the main and epistatic effects are disadvantages of this method. An alternative approach to obviate these limitations is to perform Bayesian inference and model selection strategies like GVS. GVS using estimation of posterior inclusion probabilities of effects identifies the most discriminant effects in the model. Since the additive, dominance and epistatic gene actions involved in drought tolerance inheritance, methods which utilize all type of gene effects, like recurrent selection followed by pedigree method may be useful for drought tolerance stress improvement. Also hybrid seed production, which utilizes all types of gene effects, may be useful in improving yield in wheat.

Successful reorganization of rice genetic structure to improve grain yield needs extensive information on the traits that influence yield, either directly or indirectly, and the amount of their genetic diversity. In order to assess the genetic diversity of some agronomic traits among the promising lines of rice and their relation to yield, twenty lines along with a superior local check (Fajr) were evaluated under randomized complete blocks with 3 replications at Rice Research Station, Amol, in 2011. Studied traits included number of tillers, panicle length, paddy and grain length, paddy and grain width, plant height, grain shape, number of grains, percentage of filled and empty seeds, thousand grain weight and grain and paddy yield. The results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except for grain width. Comparison of means suggested that the lines NA5, NA17, NA9 had higher yields than the other lines. NA5 was also superior in terms of seed weight and grain length. Grain yield had significant correlation with grain length, 1000-grain weight and plant height; however the strongest correlation with yield was related to 1000-grain weight. Based on stepwise regression, plant height and grain weight were entered into path analysis, where grain weight had higher direct and indirect effects than plant height. Therefore, grain weight would be an appropriate criterion for selecting high-yielding genotypes. Cluster analysis using WARD method grouped the lines into 4 clusters.

Genetic Diversity and Relationship between Yield and Yield Components Morphological in F Family of Barley Crosses Badia×Kavir using Multivarite Analysis Methods

In order to investigate the effect of iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus viability of Berberis vulgaris L., an experiment was conducted in October 2017 at Birjand Agricultural College. Callus were placed on MS/2 medium containing hormonal compounds (TDZ-BAP) and iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations for 2 months. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 different treatments in three replications. The traits were dry weight, weigh weight, callus area, percent of moisture, viability percent, OD485nm. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between treatments for fresh weight, dry weight, moisture percentage content at 5% level, and the comparison of mean treatments showed that (TDZ + 100 PPM zinc oxide nanoparticles) had the highest callus dry weight, fresh weight and moisture percentage (BAP + 75 PPM zinc oxide) had the highest bioavailability. Orthogonal comparisons between group treatments showed that (TDZ + 100 PPM nano-iron oxide) had the highest and (TDZ + 75 PPM Zn) had the lowest OD. Overall, the results indicated a positive effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on reducing browning and highest viability of seedless barberry calluses.