JOURNAL OF CROP PRODUCTION RESEARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES IN PLANT SCIENCES)
Year:2014 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Saffron (scientifically known as Crocus sativus L.) is a gramineous and perennial plant, belonging to the iris class (Iridaceae). Today, Saffron is widely used in export sections, the pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industries. Since the global warming is rising across the planet earth and it has also created negative effects on the way Saffron functions in Iran, Maybe, using Live mulch could affect on physiological activity of the plant via reducing temperature of soil and affect process of grwoth and development of saffron. the procedure could lead to quality and quantity improvement of the plant. An experiment conducted in a section of 4- year old farm located in Training, research and production Complex of Kosar related to Sabz kamal Biotech located in Nazarabad in Alborz province in 2012-2013. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three factors in split plot arrangement. During the first step, in order to specify the key factors, planting dates of mulch (watermelon) in three stages (April 09, April 24 and May 09) have been considered and the density of different planting levels (the space between plants on parallel lines) in three stages (40 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm) has been regarded during the second step. The results show that using living mulch will increase accelerate the flowering process. They also proved that the best density to planting mulch is 20 cm, because it will increase the net weight of stigma, flower, and the length of stigma to 8.38 percent, 17.3 percent, and 8.83 percent respectively. In addition, the study shows that the factor of planting date has no effect on the quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron.

In order to evaluate the yield and some traits of ajowan on intercropping with barley affected by chemical and manure fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as split plot randomized complete block design with three replications in Zabol research farm during 2012. Main-plot was application of fertilizers at two levels: application of 45 t ha-1 manure and application of chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rates of 80, 50 and 30 kg ha-1). Sub-plot was included five planting arrangement; ajowan sole culture with 0.30 m distance between rows, barley sole culture with 0.20 m distance between rows, ajowan and barley mixed intercropping, ajowan and barley row intercropping with 0.45 m distance between rows and ajowan and barley row intercropping with 0.60 m distance between rows. The results indicated that effect of fertilizer and planting arrangement on biological yield of ajowan was non-significant, but it was significant on plant height and seed yield of ajowan and barley, also their effect on biological yield of barley was significant. Manure was more effective than chemical fertilizer. Also these traits for ajowan had the highest increase in sole culture and the lowest increase in mixed intercropping, but for barley had the highest increase in mixed intercropping and the lowest increase in sole culture. Manure and mixed intercropping significantly increased percentage of Light absorption. Nevertheless, interaction of fertilizer and planting arrangement was not significant on any traits.

An experiment was conducted in Qazvin province during 2006-2007 to investigate efficacy of different doses of Butisan Star (metazachlor+quinmerac) 41.6% SC. in canola fields. The experiment was randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications and the following treatments: Butisan Star at 2, 2.2, 2.5, 3, 4 and 5 L/ha pre-emergence and at cotyledon stage of canola, Treflan (trifluralin 48% EC) at 2 L/ha pre plant incorporated + Galant Super (haloxifop-R-methyl ester, 10.8% EC) at 0.75 L/ha before stem elongation of grassy weeds, and weedy check. Each plot was divided into two sections. The upper half was considered as weedy check and the lower half was treated. Data collected from treated area was compared with the weedy section of the same plot. The results indicated that all treated plots showed yield increase as compared to weedy checks. The highest yield increase was 42-45 %, observed in 2.2 L/ha of pre–emergence Butisan Star and weedless check with no statistical difference among them. Yield increase in other treated plots varied between 3-16%. It was concluded that for weed control in canola fields we can recommend 2.2 L/ha of pre-emergence Butisan Star and we may expect above 40% yield increase.

To evaluate the of grain yield and drought resistance indices in lentil varieties, an experiment was conducted in research farm of agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad university of Takestan Branch as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during 1389-90. The treatments included four irrigation levels: I1: Normal irrigation (As control), I2: Cut of irrigation in stem formation phase for 20 days, I3: Cut of irrigation in flowering stage for 20 days, I4: cut of irrigation in grain filling period for 20 days as the main factor and four lentil varieties (V1: Kimia, V2: Sabz-e-Kohin, V3: Local of Zanjan and V4: Gachsaran) as the minor factor. In this study, drought resistance of lentil varieties, was studied by methods of Fisher and Maurer and Fernandez. The results indicted that greatest grain yield related to I1 (1263.02 Kg. ha-1) treatment. The greatest grain yield related to V4 (1027.86 Kg. ha-1) and then V1 (964.34 Kg. ha-1) treatments. I1V4 (1441.27 Kg. ha-1), I1V1 (1335.69 Kg.ha-1) and I4V4 (1285.82 Kg.ha-1) interaction treatments had the highest grain yield. Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) and Harmonic indices (Harm) had positive significant correlation with grain yield in non-stress and other stress conditions. Therefore, these indices are the suitable one to determine the tolerance in lentil varieties. Also, Gachsaran variety that in non-stress and other stress conditions had the greatest grain yield and lowest grain yield reduction in stress conditions than normal has had a high resistance to drought, is the best cultivar (Among the studied cultivars) for culture in four water regimes. Due to high correlation between MP and then GMP with seed yield compared to others, these indices can be used as a reliable index to distinguish genotype differences.

To study the effects of different levels of trace concentrations of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) single cross 260 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications Education - Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Rector was conducted in July 2013. The first iron sulfate fertilizer levels (0, 2, 4 per thousand liters) and the second factor of zinc fertilizer levels (0, 4, 8 per thousand liters) as foliar two stages (first stage of the eight -leaf and secondly tasseling) was performed. The results showed that the interaction of surface treatments of zinc sulphate FeSO 4 per thousand and four thousand more than in most of the experimental parameters such as seed weight, number of seeds per row number per ear row, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index oil yield obtained of Fe 2 thousand and 8 per thousand on trial as seed oil content compared to the control (non-use application) is an advantage. Based on the results, the greatest impact of micronutrient elements iron and zinc concentrations, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, 4 per thousand and eight thousand and Thereby increasing the quality and quantity of maize (Zea mays L.) single cross 260 was in Varamin region.

In order to investigate the effects of both deficit irrigation during growth stage and irrigation-off in some growth stages on effective physiological traits, and its relation with grain yield of Maize, this research was conducted in experimental field of Research and Science Branch, Islamic Azad University of Khuzestan, during 2008 and 2009 cropping season as factorial experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Factors in this research were consisted of three irrigation levels (100, 80, 60 percent of full irrigation) and water stress in five levels (full irrigation and irrigation-off at the 8 and 12 leaf, the tasselling and milky stages). Irrigation treatments implement at 4-5 leaf stage (seedling establishment) and continued until 10 days before physiological maturity. The results indicated that leaf rolling percentage increased as drought stress intensified, but grain yield and other leaf indices (relative water content and chlorophyll a and b concentration) were reduced. The highest leaf rolling percentage by the average of 67% obtained from 60 percent of full irrigation with irrigation-off at 12 leaf stage. The lowest leaf rolling percentage belonged to full irrigation with no water stress in cropping season by the average of 9%. The highest chlorophyll a and b concentration, obtained from full irrigation with no water stress in cropping season by the average of 3.1 and 1.1 mg/g respectively. The lowest chlorophyll a and b concentration, belonged to 60 percent of full irrigation with irrigation-off at tasselling stage by the average of 1.7 and 0.5 mg/g respectively. The highest and lowest relative water content, obtained from full irrigation with no water stress in cropping season by the average of 90% and 60 percent of full irrigation with irrigation-off at tasselling stage by the average of 64% respectively. The highest and lowest grain yield belonged to full irrigation without irrigation-off stress by the average of 7500 kg/ha and 60 percent of full irrigation with irrigation-off at tasselling stage by the average of 490 kg/ha respectively. According to the results of this research and due to the extreme sensitivity of the physiological characteristics in water stress conditions, and the relationship of these traits with grain yield, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of water stress at critical stages of plant growth.

In order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on improvement of drought tolerance of mung bean (cv. Partow) a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of two irrigation levels including irrigation after 50 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as control and irrigation after 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as drought stress. The second factor consisted of two types of water including tap water and magnetized water. Results showed that drought stress decreased pod number, seed per pod, 1000-seeds weight, seed yield, biomass and harvest index. Nonetheless, magnetic irrigation increased all measured traits under normal and drought conditions. Under normal conditions seed yield was recorded 6.81 and 9.70 g plant-1 at tap water and magnetized water treatments respectively. Under drought stress conditions also seed yield was achieved 2.56 and 4.55 g plant-1 at tap water and magnetized water treatments respectively. Therefore, it suggest that irrigation with magnetized water as simple, safe and applicable method can use for improvement growth and yield of mung bean under both normal and drought conditions.

Saffron has special advantages such as low water requirement, the optimal growing season precipitation during fall, winter and spring, a lot of other jobs and one of the many sources of income for farmers. Influence of fertilizers (20, 50 and 20 N-P-K) on yield and yield components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) was evaluated in dryland farming conditions in 2013. Integrated research on pasture and medicinal plants was conducted in Hamand Absard station. A Split plot design based on complete randomized block design was done with two factors consisted of density (15, 30 and 45 corm/ha) as main factor and fertilizers application time (Normal, spring, spring-autumn and autumn) as sub factor in three replications. The results showed that the corm density and fertilizer application times were significant on flower number and stigma weight. The mean comparison findings indicated that, 45 corm/ha (157542 flower number in hectar) compare to 15 corm/ha (89442 flower number in hectar) had the maximum yield and yield components of saffron.So according to mentioned results, saffron cultivation in dryland agriculture was successful and can creat considerable employment.