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Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Title: 
Author(s): 

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    0
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3 (پیاپی 8)
  • Pages: 

    -
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    3
  • Views: 

    1152
  • Downloads: 

    0
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Title: 
Author(s): 

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    0
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3 (پیاپی 8)
  • Pages: 

    -
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1472
  • Downloads: 

    0
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

KHARAZI H. | REZAEE M.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    1-7
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1277
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

One way of preventing the goiter disorder and its side effects due to iodine defficiency, specially in the hyperendemic area, is intramuscular injection of iodized oil (IO); therefore, study of the effect of IO administration on the function of thyroid and the possible consequences of this type of treatment seem to be very essential.Six months after IO injection program in Safiabad, the nearest rural area to Javanrood recognized as one of the hyperendemic region in Kermanshah province, 199 people comprising the total adult population of the area, and 182 adults, from a near area, whom did not receive IO, were respectively chosen as the test and the control groups.The serum level of the TSH, T4, T3, T3 uptake, FT41 and urinary excretion ofiodon (UIE) were measured and compared between the two groups. The UIE (µg/g creatinine) of the test group (73.9±113.5) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of the control group (25.7±36.5). The mean+SD of serum levels (mlU/ml) of TSH were (1.68±2.4) for the test group and (0.95±l.6)  for the control group, The difference of TSH level between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001).The measured values for FT4I were (2.96±0.96) and (2.38±1.42) for the test and control group respectively. The serum level of T4 and T3 appeared to be similar in both area. IO injection program seems to be an effective measurement in treatment of hypothyroidism and correcting IDD in hyperendemic areas.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

HAMZAVI Y.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    8-13
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    4
  • Views: 

    908
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Cryptosporidium is one of the pathogenic parasites of human with different prevalence in each regions of the world and our country. Because there was no any information about the rate of human infections with this parasite in kermanshah, during the years 1995 and 1996, a cross sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the rate of infection with this parasite in the children younger than 12 years old, admitted in Shahid Fahmideh Children Hospital.The subjects were 400 stool samples prepared by random sampling from these children with intestinal discomforts. Formalin ether concentration procedure and warm Ziehl-Neelsen stain method was used and slides were studied under light \ microscope. Fisher exact test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis of data.From 400 cases in this study, 280 individuals (70%) were suffering from diarrhea and other 120 individuals (30%), were non-diarrheal. Altogether 13 cases (3.3%) with Cryptosporidial infection were seen. in diarrheal and nondiarrheal individuals, 12 cases (4.3%) and 1 case (0.8%) of infection were seen, respectively.this difference was statistical significant (P<0.05). True prevalence of infection in these children was between 1.6% and 5%.12 cases (7%) with cryptosporidial infections were observed among the children younger than 5 years old, which in comparison with one case (0.4%) in the older ages has a statistical significant difference (P<0.0007). The frequency of infection was seasonal dependent and there was a statistical significant difference between the rate of infection in the first and the second half of the year (P<0.03).According to the results, it is recommended that diagnostic laboratories and physicians give more attention to this parasite, particulary in diarrheal children that no other pathogenic agents were seen in their stools.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

KABOUDI B. | RAHI H.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    14-19
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    1
  • Views: 

    913
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

There are some controversions about changes of biochemical parameters during the Ramadan fasting. The object of this study is to evaluate the changes of some biochemical constituents of serum during Ramadan fasting. In winter of 1994, concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorus and hemoglobin were measured in 15 volunteers during Ramadan fasting.Each individual gave 4 blood samples (one day before Ramadan and three times during it). Data analysed via ANOVA and Duncan methods. The results showed that concentrations of calcium, hematocrit and albumin to globulin ratio decreased (from 9.4 mg/dl, 48.4%, and 1.67 to 8.8 mg/dl, 45.5% and 1.3; p<0.05).Total protein was significantly increased (from 6.96 mg/dl to 7.75 mg/dl; p<0.05). Albumin and other parameters had no changes, Determination of type of increased globulins which are responsible for the above changes may be interesting for future studies.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

TOUHIDNIA M.R.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    20-26
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    827
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Imaging by MRI in diagnostic centers has got a wide application; on the other hand, its biological effects, especially its chromosomal aberrations are not completely distinguished. Researches in this area are incomplete and in some cases contradictory. thus, in 1997, the present research was carried out in Tarbiyat Modares University to determine the effects of the MRI fields on chromosomal aberration as well as cellcycle process in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro.This is an experimental study and has been done on 30 blood samples in two sensitive phases of G◦ & G2 of cell cycle with and without the presence of DNA repair inhibitor (ara.c). Exposure conditions were magnetic field intensity: 1.5 Tesla, Rf 63.86 MHZ and exposure Time 30 & 60 minutes. The effects of MRI on the chromosomal aberrations, by the metaphase analysis and the evaluation of the effect on cell cycle via the mitotic index method were assessed.Recorded results showed that the rate of chromosomal aberration and mitotic index frequency was, respectively, as follows: in control group in G◦ 0.5% and 9.5%, in G2 0.5% and 2.3%, and in samples under MRI exposure in G◦ 0.5% and 8.5%, in G2 0.5% and 2.56%, in samples along with 100µ, ffiolara-c in G◦ 2.5% and 2.9%, in G2 19% and 0.57%, and in samples under MRI exposure and along with ara-c in G◦ 2.5% and 3.03%, in G2 19.5% and 2%. Mter assessing the results through the X2 test, no significant differences were found between control group and samples under MRI exposure, whereas there was asignificant difference between the control group and the ara-c group and also samples under MRI exposure and ara-c in the both stages of the research (P<0.05).Results obtained from this study indicated that the fields along with MRI, with the aforementioned characteristics on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro, in neither G◦ nor G2 of cell cycle, even in the presence of DNA repair inhibitor and by doubling the normal time of exposure used in imaging centers didn't influence the frequency of chromosomal aberration and cell cycle process.Since a few researches have been done in the are a of MRI biological effects.with high intensity, especially for determining possible later effects, so such studies should be carried out constantly with higher exposure time and intensity on various species of cells.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    27-32
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    3
  • Views: 

    948
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

The most important section of faculty evaluation is their feedback for improvement in teaching activity. The purpose of this survey is to determine the situation of the teachers' teaching activities at KUMS in 2000.A Collection of old data was used. The Sampling was consensus and all the questionnaire completed by students, were collected and analyzed. The questionnaires contained variables on punctuality observing the class time frame, considering the students regular class attendance, quality of tests, using instructional technology, encouraging students to research and study, scientific capability, how to answer students' questions and student sharing in class. The evaluation form was designed by Educational development centre, the scales of variables were "excellent", "good", "medium" and "poor". The analysis of data was achieved by spearman test. The students completed 4368 questionnaires about 107 teachers' activities. The findings showed that 50.1% of students had evaluated their teacher's activities "excellent", 29.8%. "good", 18.6% "medium" and 1.5% "poor". The male students evaluated their teachers' activities better than female students (70% vs 64.5%), expected mark and course degree showed significant correlation with faculty evaluation (P<0.001).High percentage of students evaluated the teachers activities "excellent", but the variables: "using of educational technology" and expression of objectives" were evaluated "poor". Research is recommended to determine the effect of the students' knowledge about teaching skills on evaluation.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

SALIMI G.H

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    33-38
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1066
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

T.B. Peritonitis is one of the main causes of ascites, especially in developing countries. In a cross sectional descriptive study, all of the hospital admitted patients with ascites were studied. A complete work up based on a designed diagnostic algorithm was performed.102 patients who met the single-included criterion, ascites, were selected. Out of 11 cases, the study was followed up until the final diagnosis in 91 patients was definite. From 91 cases, 56% were cirrhotic, 131% with peritoneal carcinomatosis and 8.8% had TB. Peritonitis. The rest defined to have CHF, N.S, CRF, AGN, vasculitis and bile peritonitis. This study revealed that cirrhosis, with 56%, is the most common cause of transudative ascites, 8.8% of cases were due to TB.Peritonitis which is recommended to be replaced by noninvasive methods like PCR and ADA.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

KOOHBOOMY J.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    39-43
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    883
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

With respect to the existing controversy about relation between fasting and preterm labor study was done among pregnant women referred to four maternity hospitals in kermanshah province from 1995 to 1998.The subjects of this case-control study included 506 women; 36 of them (case) had preterm labor and 470 had term labor (control) which with respect to age, weight, parity, kind of previous delivery and socioeconomic status were all compatible. The subjects were closely studied with respect to fasting during pregnancy, and their newly born infants' weight. Then the data was analyzed with an appropriate kind of statistical method.The analysis of the collected data didn't reveal a statistically significant difference with regard to the age, weight, parity, kind of previous delivery and socio-economic status in both groups (NS). 49.4% of subjects with term labors were fasting and this figure for those with preterm labor was 58.3% (NS). 27.5% of infants in the control group and 72.5% of the infants in the case group were low birth weight showing statistically significant difference (P<0.05).This study showed fasting does not have any relation with preterm labor. Nevertheless, infants of the subjects in the case group were lighter than those of control group. Since one of the limitations of the present study has been lack of control of the subjects diet, it is recommended to take this issue into consideration in future studies.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    44-51
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    2
  • Views: 

    901
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent diseases in Iran and specially in Kermanshah. Regarding that elder people are more susceptible in the society and clinical manifestations in different infectious diseases are contrasted with other age groups and the lack of information about the diagnostic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of elder people affected by brucellosis in the region, this study has been conducted on bed-ridden patients in Sina hospital during the years 1991-95.This study was achieved by the use of existing data. All files of patients confined to bed during the research period were extracted and by using a cheklist, all data of elder patients (more than 55 years old) were studied.558 brucellosis affected patients were confined to bed during the study period.Of them, 85 individuals (15.2%) were aged and the ratio of affected men to women was 9 to 5. Their maximum references to the hospital were in spring and then in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The most common symptoms were weight loss (68%), fever (65%), anorexia (63%), low back pain (31.5%) and muscular pain (25%). The most frequent signs were fever with the average of 39°c (34.1%), sacro-iliac joint tenderness (38%) and splenomegaly (21%). The titer of serological wright test in 95.3% of cases was equaled to or greater than 1/160 and in other cases was negative, but Coombs Wright test was positive by 1/80 the blood culture had not been reported positive for these patients which may arise from the lack of standard quality of non-specific cultures. The bone marrow culture had been performed in none of the cases. The most frequent prescribed curative regime was Cotrimoxazol and Rifampin.In general, there existed no differences in this age group in terms of epidmiology and diagnosis with all brucellosis affected patients. With regard to the complexity and characteristics of geriatric, it is recommended to conduct further researches about other prevalent diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, dysentery and their differences with other age groups.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

GHASEMI H.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    52-56
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    915
  • Downloads: 

    0
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

To consider the different ideas on performing one-flap versus two-flap DCR surgery, this study carried out in L.M.C Hospital during the year 1989 to 1994.This study was done according to the existing data available in patient's medical history file in two groups: First: one-flap group. Second: Two-flap. group, then the statistical results were compared by using chi square test.153 patients including 130 patients with one-flap DCR and 23 patients with two-flap method were assessed. There was no prominent difference between the success rate of two groups which was 82.3% versus 82.6% respectively.Regarding to no difference between the success rate of two methods we recommend a practical study in matched groups to verify our findings.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

ALIPOUR A.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    57-63
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    1
  • Views: 

    746
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Regarding the importance of newborn health and the high mortality rate during neonatal period, specially in the first 24hr of life as well as the lack of precise statistical information about neonatal diseases prevalence's in Kermanshah, This study has been conducted to grasp the least information in respect of diseases prevalence's in bed-ridden newborns in neonatal sector of Kermanshah Razi Hospital during 1996-97.This descriptive research was carried out by the use of existing data. To do this, 3181 patients' records were studied. The extracted information were entered in a data sheet and presented by descriptive statistics.Of 3181 patients confined to bed, 1991 individuals were male (63%) and 1179 were female (37%). Some 970 patients (30.5%) were died during the research period. The most common diseases were Jaundice (37.5%), infection (28.4%), HMD and complications of prematurely and low birth weight (13.1 %) and asphyxia (6.6%). The most common causes of mortality amongst the patients were infection, HMD and prematurely-related complications, respectively.According to these findings, there is considerable difference between neonatal diseases prevalence with western developed countries. Thus it is essential to conduct comprehensive studies throughout our country and national programs conformed to the needs of our society. Meanwhile the high mortality cases among the premature newborns, suggest that more attention should be focused on perinatal care and premature and LBW labour reduction.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Author(s): 

DARABI F.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    64-70
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    3
  • Views: 

    1166
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

With due attention to the increasing trend of AIDS and the importance of awareness about it and because of the existing contradictions about the level of people's knowlege about the condition of AIDS in region, this study was done to measure the level of knowledge in kermanshah in 2001. This descriptive study was carried out on 2300 people over 15 years old. They were put in clusters, and from each cluster, people were chosen randomly and equally and at the end the level of information about this disease and its transmission ways were distinguished.52.2% of samples were female and 47.8% male, most of them, 52.5% of females and 59.9% of males had education lower than high school diploma, 40% of females and 36.6% of males, were between 15-25 years old. 58.4% of females and 40.9% of males in our research population were single. The level of awareness about AIDS in women and men were 91.7% and 90.9% respectively. Most of the population under our study (87.5% of women, 77.3% of men) believed education as a proper method for increasing the people's awarness. Regarding the low-level of people's awareness, investigation to determine more knowledge about transmission ways, and more research and educational measures to minimize the problem is recommended.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    71-77
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    873
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Regarding the community concern for the effectiveness and side effects of contraceptive methods, and because of the loss of such information in the local population, this descriptive research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of IUD as a contraceptive method, among local population of the women who received IUD from Valy Asr clinic in 1998. The number of women who received and used IUD was 189 and all of them were in good health, before receiving IUD. The factor pregnancy for effectiveness and other factors such as cramp, pain, bleeding, infection, uterus perforation, PID, spontaneous expulsion of IUD were considered as side effects of IUD among the users. The research period encompasses 36 months.The result showed that, the effectiveness of IUD in women was 97.64%, and the most important complaint in women were cramp and pain (64.55%), infection and cervicovaginal discharge (50.26%) and menstrual dysfunction (49.73%). We propose, for prevention, pap smear and laboratory test for possibility of vaginal infection, would be considered before IUD is used.

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Author(s): 

ALAVIAN GH. | SAMADZADEH S. | ALAVIAN GH.VANINI A.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    78-84
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1501
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Regarding the diagnostic value of F.Wave in evaluation of a variety of neurologic disorders, and due to lack of normal values of F.Wave in Iran, we measured F.Wave latency of median and ulnar nerves in 50 healthy individuals in Shiraz, in 1997.This descriptive study was carried out on 50 volunteers in whom no abnormality found in neurologic examination. F.Wave was recorded with subjects in sitting position and room temperature by Dantec Neuromatic 2000c electromyography.Stimulation was applied at wrist and elbow, recorded by surface electrodes placed on intrinsic hand muscles. At least 10 F.Waves were recorded in each site and the least F.Wave latency was considered as minimal F.Wave latency.Maximum normal F.Wave latency for Median nerve was 25.7 ms for women and 28.5ms for men with simulation at the wrist. It was 23 ms and 25ms respectively with simulation at the elbow. Maximum normal F.Wave latency for ulnar nerve was 26.4 ms for women and 28.9 ms for men with stimulation at the wrist.It was 23.1 ms and 25.3 ms for men and women respectively with stimulation at the elbow. Maximum normal difference in F.Wave latency between right and left upper extremities with simulation at the wrist for total group was 2.2 ms for Median nerve and 2.4 ms for ulnar nerve. Maximum normal difference in F.Wave latency between Median and ulnar nerve in an extremity with stimulation at the wrist for total group was 2.7ms.There was statistically significant difference in F.Wave latency between women and men (P<0.05), which could be due to lower arm length in women than men.The study also revealed lower F.Wave latencies, compared to other references, which may be due to lower height of Iranian than western countries.

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Author(s): 

NOJUMI H. | REZAVAND N.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    85-90
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1053
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Norplant is an effective contraceptive with long term preventive effect. Despite this fact, a great number of users, are volunteer for removal. We studied the reasons of removal among women refferred to health centers and private offices for norplant removal at Kermanshah from 1999 to 2000.In this descriptive study, we studied the reasons of norplant removal, complaints and individual criteria including age, history of systemic diseases, number of pregnancies, previous method of contraception and duration of norplant usage.During the study, 212 women with average age of 28.8 years (agerange 17-49Y) came to different centers for norplant removal. Duration of usage was 2.6±1.7 years. In ninety percent irregular bleeding was the reason for norplant removal.Since irregular bleeding was the most important cause of norplant removal, we Orecommend performing a research about the effects of instruction regarding advantages and disadvantage of early removal.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesDownload 0 مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesCitation 0 مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesRefrence 1
Author(s): 

BAZARGAN R.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2001
  • Volume: 

    4
  • Issue: 

    3
  • Pages: 

    91-96
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1132
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

This is a descriptive - analytical study which has been conducted to investigate the nursing managers' attitude toward the assumptions of X and Y theory in Kermanshah educational-curative centers. The society under study were all the nursing managers (including 15 men & 58 women) working in educational-curative centers. The data collecting technique was a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions based on the objective. To determine its scientific validity and reliability, the content validity and retest method were used respectively. Based on the obtained scores from X and Y theory, the individuals were divided into two groups with positive and negative attitudes. To analyze the obtained data the qai square test was used with the 90% confidence interval.The research findings showed a significant relationship between the work history and the individuals' attitudes toward the X theory (P= 0.072). There was a significant difference between the men and women attitudes toward the X theory (P= 0.093). On the whole, 59% of individuals under study had a positive attitude toward X theory and 31% had a negative attitude.Regarding the results, it can be concluded that the assumptions of Y theory have more agreement with the individual's attitudes under study; therefore, it is proposed to use Y theory more in nursing management procedures for promoting the quality of offering services.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

View 1132

مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesDownload 0 مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesCitation 0 مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic ResourcesRefrence 1
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