JOURNAL OF PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2015 | Volume:10 | Issue:3 (39)|Papers Count:9

Licorice is used in medicinal industries because of having secondary metabolites and natural glycerrhizic acid. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out with three replications in Ghoochan. The parameters consisted of two height levels (1252, 1722 meters above sea level in Etrabad and Norouzi villages, respectively) and three root diameters (less than 1, 1-2 and more than 2 centimeters), and two organs (skin and wood). In this experiment total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and the content of glycyrrhizin were measured. The results showed that height and root diameter had significant effect (P£0.01), so that the maximum extent of fresh weight and dry matter were obtained at the higher altitude and in skin of the roots with less than 1-2 centimeters in diameter. The maximum total phenol content was observed at the altitude of 1252 m above sea level in skin of the roots more than 2 centimeters in diameter while the minimum was observed at the altitude of 1722 m above sea level in the skin of the roots 1-2 cm diameter. Also the maximum total flavonoids content was produced at the altitude of 1252 m in skin of the roots less than two centimeter while the minimum was related to higher altitude in wood of the roots more than 2 centimeters in diameter. The maximum level of glycyrrhizin was observed in wood of the roots less than 1 centimeter in diameter at the altitude of 1722 m while the minimum was observed in skin of the roots less than 1 centimeter in diameter and at the lower altitude. The maximum antioxidant effect was obtained skin of the roots more than 2 centimeters in diameter and at higher height.

Essences are a group of active substances in plants which are not homogeneous in terms of chemical composition and are seen with a variety of components. Juniperus communis is a type of plant that is always green and belongs to Cupressaceae and is one of the most important plants in the mountainous habitats of Iran. The present research studied the essences of cone of the plant in summer meadows of Hezar Jarib in Behshahr. Firstly, top branches and cones were collected from the desired bases. Afterwards, the collected samples were dried in the open air under the shade. The essences of the plants were obtained using water distillation by the Clevenger and the components of the essence were identified using GC/MS apparatus. Findings suggest that there were 66 components in the essence of top branches and 60 components in the essence of cone. They were significant different in terms of the amount of Pinene, Limonene, Citronellol, Undecanone, b-Bourbonene, g-Elemene, Germacrene D, GermacreneD.4.ol, a-Bisabolol, Alloaromadendrene oxide, Farnesol, Cinnamaldehyd, Cryptopinon, Alloaromadendrene, and Phthalic acid. Moreover, some of the components were particularly observed in the top branch or cone.

In order to evaluate the effect of cytokinin and Iron on accumulation of iron, zinc and manganese in grain of pea cultivars this study was performed as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replications at Khorramabad city in two growing seasons 2011 and 2012. The treatments included three cultivars (Hashem, Azad, and local mass of Grate), four levels of iron consumption including 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 ppm, and four levels of cytokinin hormone concentration including 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 ppm). Results indicated that interaction effect of iron and cytokinin on the accumulation of iron in the grain was positive and Hashem cultivar in concentration of 10 mg per liter iron and 15 mg per liter cytokinin had the highest accumulation of iron in the grain. In contrast with the increased consumption of iron and cytokinin, the accumulation of zinc and manganese in the grains decreased. Hashem and Azad cultivars at concentrations of 5 mg per liter iron and cytokinins had the highest accumulation of Zinc in the grains while Azad cultivar in the non-consumption treatment of iron and consumption of 5 mg per liter cytokinin indicated highest concentration of manganese in grains.

Olive is an evergreen tree belonging to Oleaceae family. The leaves and fruit are very important as they contain secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant properties. The goal of this research was to assess the total amount of phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and oleuropein content of olive leaves on the vegetative and reproductive branches of three ecotypes of Livan, Nasrabad, and Azadshahr in Golestan. The factorial study was done using completely randomized block design with three replications. The results of variance analysis showed that branch type, season, and genotype affected significantly the measured variables at P£0.01 and P£0.051. The highest amount of total phenol and total flavonoid was measured in Azadshahr and Livan genotypes whereas the highest amount of antioxidant and oleuropein contents were recorded in Nasrabad genotype. Spring was found to be the best season for sampling the leaves to check their contents for maximum secondary metabolites. Reproductive leaves showed the highest amount of total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and oleuropein content. The highest amount of total phenol was measured in vegetative leaves.

Phytohormones play critical roles in regulating plant growth and its response to stress. In order to study the relationship of between water deficiency and Pseudomonas fluorescent strains on proline and some phytohormones in maize this experiment was conducted as split plot in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications and treatments included three levels of water deficit based on 40% (control), 60%, and 75% available soil moisture depletion as main plot and four Pseudomonas strains (S4, S108, S156 and S169 strains) as well as a noninoculated control treatment as sub plots. Results showed that drought stress triggered a change in plant phytohormonal balance, including an increase in leaf proline and abscisic acid (ABA) content, and a decline in Indol Acetic Acid (IAA), gibberellin and cytokinin. However, inoculated plants had increased proline, ABA, IAA, gibberellin and cytokinin content. Plants inoculated with P. fluorescens strain 153 showed the highest mean proline, ABA, IAA, gibberellin and cytokinin content in the leaves. This study indicates that application of PGPR can enhance phytohormones content of maize under water deficit stress condition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate some characteristics of the medicinal plant species Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. in Boyer Aahmad region. In the region, 6 transects were randomly laid out and sixty 2´2 m quadrats were systematically established at 10 m intervals along them. Canopy cover percentage and the number of Smyrnium and other accompanying plant species were estimated in each quadrat. Density of Smyrnium species was 8700 per hectare. Canopy cover was 46.5 percent. The results of the study showed that the distribution pattern of plant species is random to uniform. The results also showed that the Smyrnium plant often grows in semi humid cold regions with an altitude range of 1500 to 2470 meters above sea level, the temperature ranges from -10 to 30 degrees C. The habitat soil properties included C= 1.39(%), pH= 7.18, 28.438 = EC= 0.63(ds/m), N =0.335 (mg/kg), P =413.62 (mg/kg) and K =341.01 (mg/kg). Phenology of Smyrnium was early growth in March, flowering stage from early June and continues until early in the July and seeding stage from early July to late July. Based on the phytochemical results, 11 chemical components were identified in volatile oil obtained from the plant. By observing variations in the proportion of each component, it could be stated that altitude, electrical conductivity, temperature, and phosphorus are the most important factors in the distribution of Smyrnium.

Maximum consumption of chemical fertilizers causes damage in agriculture ecosystems. One of the sustainable agriculture programs is reduction of chemical fertilizers consumption and enhancing their efficiency. For this, an experiment was done in order to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and two strains of Azotobacter on some physiologic traits, yield, and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Morvarid). Field experiment was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized block design in four replications. Experimental factors were nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (N0, N75 and N150) including 0, 75, and 150 kg urea/ha and two strains of Azotobacter chroococcum (MZ11 and MZ26) at three levels with a control treatment. The results showed that with increasing nitrogen concentration, the content of acidic phosphatase enzyme increased. The highest content of root and shoot nitrogen and phosphorus was obtained in N150MZ11. Also, maximum seed yield was obtained with inoculation of MZ26 strain of Azotobacter along with nitrogen with150 kg/ha). Regarding the findingss, inoculation of wheat with strain of MZ26 Azotobacter and application of 150 kg of nitrogen fertilizer is recommended for maximum yield.

This study was carried out on Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Cherry belle under drought stress through a factorial completely randomized design with three repetitions in Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch during 2011. Treatments included drought stress at three levels: oneday interval irrigation (control), three-day interval irrigation (moderate stress), and five-day interval irrigation (severe stress) and salicylic acid at three levels including 0, 1, and 2 mM. The characteristics under study were chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid pigments, K+ and Na+ ions and relative water content. Analysis of Variance of the interaction of effects of drought stress and salicylic acid showed that under severe drought spraying with 2 mM salicylic acid increased chlorophyll a and b. However, 1 and 2 mM salicylic acid decreased carotenoid content. Moreover, under severe drought stress, plants sprayed with 2 mM salicylic acid showed increased content of sodium and potassium ions, as well as relative water content.

The present research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of strains of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and various levels of phosphate fertilizers on yield and the content of essential oils in dill (Anethum graveolens L.). The study was done as factorial under randomized completely block design with 3 replications in Ardebil region in 2010. Experimental factors included three levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 75, and 150 Kg/ha as super phosphate) and four levels of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (three strains of Pseudomonas putida, namely R-168, R-173, and R-113) and without inoculation with bacteria. Analysis of variance showed that strains of bacteria had significant effects on seed yield, content of alpha phlandren, limonene, carvone, dil ether, trans dihydro carvone, phosphorus, iron, plant height, plant dry weight, and essential oil content. Mean comparison showed that R-113 strain in 75 kg/ha phosphate fertilizer induced the highest seed yield with 130.5 kg/ha. R-168 strain produced the greatest amount of essential oil whereas there was no significant difference between 150 and 75 kg of phosphate fertilizers. This strain also induced the highest level of alpha phlandren, limonene and dill ether. Substitution of phosphate solubilizing bacteria is recommended to increase the yield as well as the quality of dill plant. By applying the treatment of bio-fertilizer plus one third of recommended dose of phosphate fertilizer we can save the quantity of P chemical fertilizer used and obtain high quality product.