JOURNAL OF PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:4 (28)|Papers Count:8

In order to better identification of grape cultivars for use them in future breeding programs and study of fruit and seed morphological characteristics of 11 cultivars of grapes in Collections of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan Razavi in year 2009-2011, an experiment was carried based on completely randomized design with four replications. With cluster analysis method was done classification and segregation of similar cultivars in distance 20 to three groups. The results showed were allocated to the cultivar of Samarghandi Lotfabad with average 5.15 g, 4.8 cm and 1.95 cm3, respectively, and Dizmari Rezaieh cultivar with average 1.1 g, 0.91 cm and 0.91 cm3 minimum weight, volume and fruits diameter. The cultivar of Moqannai Mashhad had highest (2.64 cm) and Dizmari Rezaieh lowest (1.1 cm) berry length. The maximum seed weight was observed in Asgari Birjand cultivar (74 mg) and lowest Sabzeh Dargazi (18 mg). Maximum number of seeds per fruit was observed in cultivar of Samarghandi Lotfabad (3.38 number), minimum number was in Poshtgol Mashhad cultivar (1.44 units). The results of correlation coefficient showed significant positive and negative correlations between some important traits. The fruit weight with its length, diameter and volume showed a significant positive relation at 1% level. Generally, the traits of fruit size were able to segregation and distinctness of grape cultivars well.

Embryology has a considerable importance in the plant biology and taxonomy. In the present study, different developmental stages of Centaurea depressa ovules were investigated. To do this, flower buds and flowers of the plant were collected at the different developmental stages and were fixed in FAA70 before storing in 70% ethyl alcohol. Plant samples were embedded in paraffin and sectioning was performed using a microtome. Prepared sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A light microscope was used to study samples prepared from different developmental stages of the plant. According to the results, ovules of the studied plant are anatropic and bitegmic and contain small amounts of nucelle. Development of embryo sac in this plant is monosporic and belongs to Polygonum type. Therefore, megaspore presents in the chalaze is a functional megaspore. After meiosis, megaspore tetrads arrange in a T-shape. The endothelial layer is formed from one cell layer and persists until embryo is developed. At first, Embryo sac is primarily very small, but has a considerable longitudinaly growth during development.

The genus Bunium comprised of 14 species in Iran, which called Zireh in Iran. B. rectangulum were collected from southwest mountains of Khoram-Abad in Lorestan province, Iran. Collected plant materials were dried in shade and were hydro distillated using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using distaining method with brown bismark and methyl green. GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 34 compounds, representing the 94.5% the total oil. Major constituents of the oil were dillapiole (83.08%), gamma-elemene (4.61%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.73%). Due to inhibition of aflatoxin by dillapiole this compound is very important. The anatomical studies showed that, 42 secretory canals were found in corterx, intervasecular regions and pith.

During recent decades, environmental and agricultural soil contamination with heavy metals such as lead has been one of the main problems of living environment. Pollution with lead in plants limits their growth and development and is a serious limitation for human health. In this study, the sumac plant resistance to lead in germination and seedling stages in two different habitats has been assessed. Plants were grown in nutrient solution containing different concentration of PbNo3 to evaluate the effects of lead on germination rate and percentage and growth parameters included fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and total chlorophyll. The results showed that the germination rate of sumac plants collected from two different habitat in six different concentrations of lead (0.25, 0.5, 1 , 2 and 3 mM), the difference between habitats for germination rate and percentage was not significant at 5% level but the difference between lead concentrations were significant at the 5%. The interaction between habitat and concentrations for all treatments was significant at the 5% level. Effect of different habitats and lead concentrations on seedling growth parameters was significant in the 5% level. The interaction between habitat factors and concentrations for all treatments were significant at the 5% level. The interaction between habitat and concentrations for all treatments were significant at the 5% level. As regards relative strength and viability in the presence of high levels of lead, sumac plant can as one of the plants for Phytoremediation.

Presence of every herbaceous species was not suddenly. But it is created base on special relation that result from relation between Environmental factors and species nature. The most extent of GolestanProvince,over 167000 hectares, are impressed from salinity and alkalinity and establishment of saline species depend on these relations. The purpose of this investigation is determination presence of Halostachys caspica pall species Gomishan range of Golestan province and determination most important efficient factors in their distribution at intended Area. For this aim, at first intended area was specified on the field and topographic map then divided into the region (high density, semi- dense and absence) and at the end of the wet period was provided soil profile and samples in the Randomized– systematic method of rooting depth of species to determinate some of the physicochemical characteristics of soil Soil sample were taken atdepths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. In laboratory physical and chemical characteristic included Clay (%), Silt (%) and Sand (%), EC, pH, organic material (%), N, P, K were examined. Using SPSS package, variance and Duncan test were applied to analyze the data. comparing result indicated that EC, P and have the more effect Between chemical properties of soils on the distribution of Halostachys caspica species at Gomishan range and showed that there is an indirect relation between Presence of species and salinity and a direct relation with P and K quantity

A region with 4300 ha area separated in 1:50000 scale topographic map for studying flora and life forms in Natural forests Northern part of Ilam City. In first, it used minimal area method for defining sample plots extent. Base on this method, minimal area of sample fixed 400 m2 in area under studying. Then sample plots in Systematic - Random method located in this region and plant species collected into the sample plots and then this species studied and recognized and their life forms were determined on the basis of Raunkiaer’s method. About plants didn't recognize for this problem samples have sent to Forest & Rangeland Research Institution. Result of this study specified presence of 188 species dependent on 150 genera and 45 family plants in studied area. The list of recognized species showed with genus and family and life form into the table.

Salicylic acid and dependent compounds can involve to plant adaption to environmental stress and interact to other cell metabolites and environmental factors for regulation of plant responses to stress. In this research the shoot of Mentha piperita L. was sprayed and pretreatment with two concentrations of salicylate (10-4 and 10-7 M) in mild vegetative phase separate during 20 days and tree time in week. After this time drought stress were done in two levels, mid drought (35% soil saturated capacity) and severe drought (15% soil saturated capacity) and control (50% soil saturated capacity) with spray for two concentrations of salicylate. The results of this research showed the change of shoot and root length and the number and surface of leaves under drought stress did not significant in comparison to control but dry and fresh weight of leaf and root in severe drought decreased significantly. On the other hand the spray of salicylate at 10-4 M concentration increased growth parameters in comparison to control. The change of chla, b content in salicylate and drought treatment was not considerable. The most of carotene and xanthophylls was observed in mild drought with spray of salicylate at 10-4 M concentrations.

Novel extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction are fast and effective methods for extraction of nutraceutical from plant tissues. Correct selection of extraction method caused to extract the most concentration of phenolic compounds from certain material in compared to traditional methods. In this study, effect of ethanol concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) and extraction time (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 min) evaluated on extraction of phenolic compounds from eucalyptus leaves by microwave and neural network used to estimate of process extraction. Results showed that 50% ethanol had maximum extraction content. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with Levenberg-Marquardt alghoritm used to education of patterns. Variables of artificial neural network included neuron number in hidden layer (4-30) and activation function type (TANSIG and LOGSIG) in hidden layer. In order to develop ANN's models, ethanol concentration and extraction time are used as input vectors and phenolic compounds content of eucalyptus leaves as the output. The results showed that MLP with TANSIG activation function and 16 neuron in hidden layer can estimate phenolic compounds with R2 of 0.9632 and MSE of 0.00069, in compared with other networks.