JOURNAL OF CELL & TISSUE
Year:2014 | Volume:5 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

Aim: Flower development is a mystery which provides a useful means for understanding cell differentiation and genetic mechanisms needed for organogenesis. In this study, the development of reproductive organs of Scrophularia striata was investigated.Material and Methods: The flowers were collected at different developmental stages, fixed in FAA, embedding in the paraffin wax and sliced using microtome after dehydration and then stained. Developmental stages of generative organs were studied and photographed using a light monitoring microscope.Results: The results indicated that after evolution of vegetative meristem to reproductive meristem, bract and sepals primordium quickly formed. Primordium formation and evolution of petals and staminal were simultaneous. Evolution of sporogensis meristematic mass is done at the final stage. Ovaries, eggs, style and stigma had a rapid developmental stage. The anthers wall development was of tetrasporangiate type. The microspore’s tetrads had tetrahedral ornamentations and mature pollen grains were of ellipse shape and tricolpate. Nurse’s cells have a long stability layer and are often mononuclear. The megaspore’s tetrads had liner ornamentations. The ovules were of anatropous and placentation axis.Conclusion: Investigation showed that each flower has five sepals, five gamopetalus, four stamens, and dilocular gamocarpous pistil. The embryo sac development is of polygonum type.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Valproic acid (VPA) as a histone deacetylase inhibitor on decrease of microglia /macrophage activaty and nervous tissue destruction after spinal cord injury of rat (SIC).Material and Methods: To SCI, contusion model was used. Ten contused rats were equally divided into two groups. Control group did not receive any injection and treatment group received valproic acid (400 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily for two weeks. Rats were killed at 28 days post injury then damaged spinal cord was removed and examined for H4 acetylation, ED-1 and OX-42 positive cells using immunohistochemistry procedure. Also the cavity volume percentage in 4200 mm length of the spinal cord (central, rostral and caudal regions from the injury epicenter) was assessed for each sample.Results: Results showed increases of histone H4 acetylation and decreases of ED-1 (lysosomal marker) and OX-42 (microglia marker) positive cells. Also the percentage of cavity volume in valproic acid-treated group compared to control (untreated) showed significant decreases.Conclusion: Prescription of valproic acid in the early stages of SIC decreases microglia/macrophages activity, and neural tissue damage in a spinal cord injury model.

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of shallot on breast cancer cells compared to carboplatin and taxol treatments.Material and methods: Different concentrations of drugs taxol and carboplatin and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of shallots were prepared. Using Trypan blue and MTT, cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells, in different times and concentrations were evaluated. Utilized Hoechst and propidum iodide staining morphological changes and possible apoptosis of cells were determined. The data statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the mean level of P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The results indicate that shallot alcoholic extract has more inhibitory effects on cancer cells than aqueous extract at concentration range (0.01 to 0.05 g/L). Also, the simultaneous effect of shallot’s extract, accompaniment with carboplatin, caused enhancement in cytotoxicity of carboplatin. On the other hand, accompaniment of aqueous extract with taxol led to reduction of taxol cytotoxicity.Conclusions: This study showed aqueous and alcoholic extracts of shallots has cytotoxicity effects on breast cancer cells on rats affected by breast cancer. This plant is a herb which can be used against breast cancer can be subjects for further research.

Aim: This study examined the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on some hematological tests of Rainbow catfish as a valuable ornamental and food fish species.Material and Methods: 40 fish (average size 12 g) were exposed to different concentrations (1 and 20 mg/L) of AgNPs (average hydrodynamic diameter 54.8 nm) and silver nitrate under constant renewal condition for 10 days plus a control group (10 fish). At the end of the first and tenth days of exposure, blood samples were taken and conventional hematological tests measured.Results: The mean red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit and hemoglobin were increased in 20 mg/L of AgNPs on first day (P<0.05). There was, however, no differences between treatments at the last day of exposure (P>0.05). In both first and last, there was no changes in the secondary hematological indices (P>0.05). High dose of AgNPs in last day led to increase of white blood cell count (WBC) relative to the control group and first day (P<0.05). Significant changes in differential white blood cell count (DWBC) were also observed of AgNPs and silver nitrate in both times (P<0.05). On the tenth day, glucose in both AgNPs treatments was increased (P<0.05).Conclusion: Significant changes in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, DWBC and glucose in high dose of AgNPs may indicate toxic effect of AgNPs.

Aim: Sea cucumber has been paid attention in treatment of bone defects due to possessing bioactive compound such as chondroitin sulfate. There were done successful researches in the field of application of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of bone injury recently. Therefore, this study performed to define the osteogenic and adipogenic potency of Persian Gulf sea cucumber alcoholic extract on differentiation rat bone marrow derived stem cells into osteogenic and adipogenic.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, bone marrow stromal cells were isolated by flushing from male Wistar rat and demonstrated stemness by immunocytochemistry. The cells in 9 experimental group were exposed to various concentration (3.5, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/ml) of sea cucumber alcoholic extract and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber alcoholic extract determined by MTT assay. Eventually, after 21 day, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were evaluated with alizarin red, oil red staining and alkalin phosphatase kit Data were analyzed by SPSS software, ANOVA and the level of p £ 0.05 was considered significant.Result: An appropriate dosage for treatment of mesenchymal stem cells was determined less than 50 mg/ml. Also, oil red staining showed that sea cucumber alcoholic extract does not have capacity of adipogenic induction while alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase revealed that concentration of 25 mg/ml sea cucumber alcoholic extract was most efficient concentration into osteogenic differentiation.Conclusion: Sea cucumber extract was able to differentiate rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic lineage.

Aim: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative medicine used to improve motility of human spermatozoa in-vitro. It is commonly used in treatment of male-factor infertility, including asthenozoospermia. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PTX on human sperm parameters and DNA integrity from asthenozoospermic problem.Material and methods: A total of 38 infertile men with asthenozoospermia were allocated in this experimental study. Specimens were randomly divided into experimental group treated with 3.6 mM PTX, and control group. All samples were incubated at 37˚ C for 45 min. Semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were measured using sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test.Results: PTX improved sperm motility, significantly, compared to the control (85.76±5.96 Vs 79.44±9.37, respectively, P<0.01). There was also a significant decrease in sperm viability in the PTXtreated group in comparison to controls (87.7±8.3 Vs 83.5±9, respectively, P<0.01). In addition, sperm DNA fragmentation was higher in PTX-treated group compared to control (23.36±10.25 and 18.5±8.74, respectively, P<0.0001).Conclusion: PTX might have some negative impact (s) on sperm DNA quality, although it has improved the sperm motility. Further studies are needed to elucidate the safety of PTX treatments in ART clinics.

Aim: This study was carried out to evaluate association of ISSR and RAPD markers with fruit traits of hazelnut (Corylus avellana).Material and Methods: In this research, associations between ISSR and RAPD markers with fruit traits were investigated in 35 genotypes of hazelnut by applying multiple regression analysis (MRA).Results: Some ISSR and RAPD fragments were found to be associated with seven of affecting fruit traits. Some of ISSR and RAPD markers were associated with more than one fruit trait in multiple regression analysis. Such an association may arise due to pleiotropic effect of the linked quantitative trait locus (QTL) on different traits. For example, some informative markers were associated with both nut length and kernel weight traits. Also, some informative markers showed association with all nut length and weight and kernel weight. Also, some markers had correlation with both kernel length and weight, indicating a significant correlation among these traits.Conclusion: It is possible to use these markers along with morphological traits in hazelnut breeding programs for identification of suitable parents to produce mapping populations and hybrid cultivars. Also, these results could be useful in marker-assisted breeding programs when no other genetic information is available.

Aim: In the present study the effects of central injection of Orexin A on the expression of TSPO gene in the ovaries of pubertal androgenized female rats were investigated.Material and Methods: 24 neonatal female rats were androgenized on the third day after birth by subcutaneous injection of 50mg TP. Six neonatal female rats in one group were considered as controls. After puberty, the animals in 5 groups (n=6 in each group) received central injections of saline, different doses of Orexin A (2, 4 or 8μg). The ovaries were removed bilaterally and frozen. TSPO gene expression levels was determined by semi quantitative RT-PCR.Results: The mRNA levels of TSPO increased significantly in the ovaries of the androgenized rats compared to controls. Orexin A injections decreased significantly TSPO gene expression compared to the androgenized rats (P<0.05).Conclusion: Androgens may stimulate TSPO gene expression in the ovaries. Orexin A may exert inhibitory effects on reproductive axis partly via reducing the expression of genes involved in the steroid ogenesis.

Aim: Aquaporin4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in the brain that has important role in water transport across blood- brain- barrier. It has been proved that intracranial pressure and also expression of AQP4 increase in some disorders such as Hydrocephalus, Hyponatremia, cytotoxic oedema and brain tumours and drugs that can decrease the expression of this AQP can offer some treatment for these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether green tea extract (GTE) can down regulate the Aquaporin4 protein level in brain cortex.Material and methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study. 40 Wister rats (4-6 weeks) were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: untreated control group, sham group treated intra peritoneally (IP) with 200 ml saline (solvent GTE), experimental1&2treated IP with 100 & 200 mg/kg GTE dissolved in 200 ml saline. After 6 hours, expression of AQP4 in control, sham, and experimental groups were tested by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.Result: Results from immunohistochemistry and western blotting showed that GTE can down regulate the AQP4 expression level on dose-dependent manner in brain cortex.Conclusion: It is suggested that GTE has potential to reduce the level of AQP4 protein in brain cortex and it can be useful as a herbal medicine to reduce intracranial pressure in diseases such as hyponatremia, cytotoxic oedema, brain tumours and etc.

Aim: In current study capability of differentiation of embryonic carcinoma cells P19 to cardiomyocyte through inducing effects of DMSO and 5-Azacytidin individually or in combinative form in laboratory condition were examined.Material and Methods: In order to differentiate induction of P19, Embryoid Bodies (EBs) formed through hanging drops method during two days. Then EBs have induced by 2 mM of 5-Azacytidin (5- Aza group), 0.5% DMSO (DMSO group) or both 5-Azacytidin and DMSO (Aza+DM Group) during ten more days. During differentiation beating number per minute counted every two days in all groups by invert Microscopy. Gene expression such as: a-Myosin Heavy Chain (a-MHC) and Myosin Light Chain (MLC) and Connexin-43 have examined by RT-PCR in last day. To more accuracy, F-actin protein expression also illustrated through immunocytochemistry method.Results: Morphological changes in differentiated cardiomyocytes derived from P19 illustrated in all groups. However the most changes such as significant increasing in size and number of process, their branches and attachment between branches happened in Aza+DM group. Daily beating counter per minute revealed increasing in beating number from 2+2 to 2+8 in all groups. RT-PCR analysis also revealed expression of both α-MHC and MLC in Aza+DM Group. However, F-action has expressed only in Aza+DM group.Conclusion: The Results have shown combination of two 5-Azacytidin and DMSO inducer caused effective cell culture differentiate of P19 to cardiomyocyte.