JOURNAL OF CELL & TISSUE
Year:2012 | Volume:2 | Issue:4|Papers Count:11

During the past 30 years, researchers have made a remarkable progress in identifying the biological (bacteria, viruses), biochemical (chemical compounds) and biophysical (ionizing radiation) cause of human cancer. The term “Cancer” refers to 277 forms of cancer diseases.Scientists have determined the process of cancer formation from a consequence of accumulating multiple mutations in human genome. These genetic disruptions would eventually change the normal process of cellular proliferations and differentiation.The genetic alterations are frequently indicative of poor prognosis for most human cancers.Both nonhereditary and hereditary cancers are caused by genetic disorders that change the cellular growth control system.Genes associated with human cancer formation include four classes of genes: 1. Oncogenes (which increasing their activities end to uncontrollable growth of cells), 2. Tumor suppressor genes, 3. DNA repairing genes, 4. Apoptotic genes.Over activated oncogenes which cause cellular proliferation. In contrast, inactivated tumor suppressor genes lose their inhibitory effect which is crucial to prevent inappropriate growth. DNA repairing proteins fix the damage and apoptotic proteins cause the pre-cancer cell to commit suicide.We have over millions of genes in each somatic cell of our body. After sequencing all human genome in 2003, we noticed that only 23, 500 genes are active which encode over 400, 000 proteins needed for physiological functions.99.9% of genome is identical in all humans worldwide. Only 0.1% of the whole genome differ which cause the genetic variations.Up to 93% of all human cancers are non-hereditary and the remaining 7% are hereditary. A wealth of information has been indicated by the potential use of bioinformatics and molecular techniques for cancer screening, prognosis and monitoring of the efficacy of anticancer therapies. In recent years, molecular genetics have greatly increased our understanding of the basic mechanisms in cancer development. The essential outcome of these molecular studies is that the cancer can be considered as the genetic disease.

Aim: In accordance with conflicting results about the effect of dietary supplements on exerciseinduced inflammatory responses, this study was conducted to identify the effect of 14-day caffeine supplementation on the response of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and peripheral blood leucocytes by following one bout downhill running in male non-athletes.Material and Methods: Eighteen male volunteer non-athletes (aged 25±3 years, body fat 13±2 and VO2max 50±4 ml/kg/min) in a semi-experimental, randomized and double-blind process were allocated equally into supplement and placebo groups.Each subject received caffeine or dextrose (5 mg/kg body weight/day) for 14 consecutive days.After the supplementation (14 days), all subjects were participated in one bout downhill running on a treadmill (-15% incline) for 30 minutes with 65% VO2max.Changes in serum CRP and peripheral blood leukocytes were counted and determined in four phases (the base line, after the supplement period, immediately and 24 hours after the exercise).The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni and independent t test at a£0.05.Results: The results show that the caffeine supplementation has no significant effect (P>0.05) on the basal inflammatory indices. The serum CRP and peripheral blood leukocytes were counted and significantly increased after following the exercise protocol and higher than the baseline levels until 24 hours later (P<0.05). However, the change of serum CRP and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in placebo group was significantly higher than in caffeine group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings we can conclude that 14-day caffeine supplementation can probably decrease exercise-induced inflammatory response (CRP elevation and Leukocytosis) following 30 min downhill running in male non-athletes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stress oxidative (H2O2) and different concentrations of melatonin on nuclear maturation of immature oocytes in sheep.Material and Methods: Ovary collection and oocyte recovery was carried out by standard method. Oocytes culture was in the following conditions: A: TCM199+10% FBS, 5 μg/ml FSH, 0.01 IU/ml LH, 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 IU/ml streptomycin, B: A+H2O2 (300 mM) at 38.5oC, C: B+1 mM melatonin and D: B+10 mM melatonin.Results: This study showed that H2O2 significantly (P<0.05) decreases nuclear maturation in compare to control (14.7 vs. 84.9).0, 1 and 10 mM melatonin could improve oocytes to reach to metaphase-II stage (respectively 14.7 vs. 43.29, 54.12). But increasing melatonin dose from 1 to 10 mM, did not have any significant effect on oocytes maturation.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that melatonin improves sheep oocytes maturation during oxidative stress.

The first location of cold stress effect on PSII in plants and algae is not fully clear. Therefore, the effect of low temperature (8°C) on the activity of different parts of PSII were investigated in D. salinaas plant model system is investigated using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics.Material and methods: In this study unicellular green alga, D. salina, 200 UTEX strain was used. The Algae were cultured in the medium containing 1 M of NaCl at 8oC or 25oC in triplicates. Then the parameters of Chl-a fluorescence was measured in various interval after cold stress.Result: The results showed that at temperatures 8°C, the rate of parameters FV/Fo, jPo, yo, jEo, jRo and PIABS in the species D.salina were decreased in comparison with the control (25°C). Whereas, the rate of parameters jDo and ABS/RC were decreased.Conclusion: According to the results, decreasing of efficiency of water-splitting complex under low temperature stress probably has a significant effect on electron transport to the PSII electrons acceptors and creates imbalance in activity of PSII electron transport chain. The effect of cold stress on water-splitting complex, in turn, seems to decrease the rate of electron transport to Pheophytin and QA and from QA to QB, plastoquinone pool and finally reduction of end acceptor at photosystem I electron acceptor side. It could be finalized that the water-splitting complex is the first site that is affected by cold stress in PSII of D. salina cells.

Aim: Histological study of kidney nephrons of Epinephelus coioides Juveniles and Immunolocalization of Na+, K+- ATPase during osmoregulation and adaptation with hypo- and hyperosmotic (10 and 60 ppt) conditions.Material and Methods: H & E staining and IgGa5 and FITC as primary and secondary antibodies were used for kidney nephrons histological studies and Immunolocalization of Na+, K+- ATPase, respectively.Results: Results of microscopic study indicated that kidney nephrons of juvenile grouper were consisted of Glomerulus, Neck segment, Proximal, Distal and Collecting tubules. Immunolocalization of control group showed that Na+, K+- ATPase was distributed in all part of nephron structure but glomeruli. In hypo- and hyper-osmotic environments similar to control condition the enzyme distributed into the epithelial cells of proximal, distal and convoluted tubules but was not presence in glomeruli.Conclusion: The results of present study indicated that, the structure of kidney nephrons of E. coioides was similarto that of other euryhaline species and presence of Na+, K+- ATPase in basolaterl portion of cell membrane indicated its active role in osmotic and ionic regulation in kidney.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on sperm parameters in adult rat treated with para-nonylphenol.Material and methods: Adult male rats were divided into four groups: Control, para-nonylphenol, vitamin E and para-nonylphenl+vitamin E. Oral treatments were performed till 56 days. At the end of treatments, body and left testis weight were recorded and left caudal epididymis was cut in a medium. Released spermatozoa were used to analyze sperm parameters such as sperm number, viability, morphology and motility. Sperm chromatin quality was assessed by nuclear staining using acridine orange and aniline blue.Results: Body and testis weight as well as normal sperm morphology showed no significant change in four groups. A significant decrease in the number, viability and motility of the sperm was found in rats treated by para-nonylphenol compared to the control. This decrease was significantly compensated by vitamin E in para-nonylphenol+vitamin E group compared to para-nonylphenol group. The application of vitamin E alone could significantly increase sperm viability and motility as comared with the control. Para-nonylphenol had no effect on sperm DNA integrity and histon-protamine replacement compared to the control.Conclusion: Vitamin E, as a potent antioxidant, could protect the adverse effect of para-nonylphenol on certain sperm parameters in adult rats.

Aim: Recently, researchers have reported that BV (Bee Venom) has a potent anti inflammatory, anti tumor and anticancer effects. Besides, one of the essential aim in cancer therapy is restoring apoptosis. The Objective in this study was determination of apoptotic concentration induced by BV (Autumn, Semnan) on HL60 cancer cells.Material & Methods: In this study, HL60 cells were purchased from the Pasteur Institute in Tehran and were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics (including penicillin and streptomycin) in the plate. After 2 hours, the cells were exposed by BV concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 12, 15 mg/ml) for 24, 48, 72 hours. After passing desired time, the morphology of cells was determined under inverted microscope and cell viability was studied by MTT assay and determination of cell death was evaluated by flow cytometery assay and Hoescht staining.Result: The morphological analysis and the results from Hoescht staining & flowcytometery Annexin V antibody exhibited that the cell death induced by BV was significantly apoptosis and bee venom by concentration of 12 mg/ml results in 50% of apoptosis cell death.Conclusion: Our findings from this study showed that using lower dosage of BV during 48h treatment period cause inhibition of proliferation in time and dose dependent manner and higher dosage of 15 mg/ml cause cell lysis and necrosis. Experimental data showed that 12 mg/ml is inducer of apoptosis in HL60 cells.

Aim: Petroleum is a complex mixture of thousands of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds, including heavy metals which potentially are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Phytoremediation has been shown to be effective for degradation or removing petroleum contaminants. Selection of plant species for phytoremediation, however, is complicated.Material and Methods: The effects of petroleum pollution of soil (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% V/W) on the proline, total protein, lead, cadmium and zinc contents in Acacia leaves were investigated using methods of Bathes, Bradford and Atomic Absorption, respectively. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS v11 and Duncan’s test.Results: The results showed that the total protein and proline contents increased significantly (p£0.05) as the level of pollution increased. The highest proline content was measured at 4% treated plants. Proline accumulation is a common physiological response in many plants against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. The results showed that lead and zinc accumulated by leaves. The leaf lead values were markedly, 20.8-fold, enhanced in 1%. There was not significant differences among cadmium levels in treatments and the control plants.Conclusion: Based upon these results, Robinia pseudoacacia L. can be used as bioaccumulator in petroleum pollution and were selected for the further investigation of the phytoremediation of pbcontaminated soil.