Philosophy of religion
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:11|Papers Count:7

The Soul in immaterial for Descartes, because it’s Inherent attribute; i.e. thought is immaterial. Moreover, it is independent from body and matter and has no extend. In his view, the Soul from the beginning has been immaterial, while Mulla-Sadra recognizes it as a corporeal object at the beginning, in generation, and immaterial afterward and survivance.Mulla-Sadra demonstrates that, Soul needs material possibility for its becoming and being completed. He solves the problem of Duality and Relevance of the Soul and body in this way. But what is the correspondent and different points between these two major thinkers?In this article we are going to discuss about “incorporeity of Soul” and their “attention to intuition and perception in understanding of truth”, as correspondent points; and about “the style of the existence of Soul”, “the manner of its incorporeity and distinction from or unity with body”, as different points.

Discussion about relation between Religion and politics or State has been proposed for long time in east and west. So it is not limited to our nation and or period. In this paper we will show that: A) in throughout of the history of western thought from one side political governors (Kaiser) for surviving their domain and authorities need to protect by legitimacy of religion; on the other hand, all the popes and bishops of Church were in pursuit of authority that belong to Kaiser. Although there were times that they tried to conquer to each other.B) We must distinguish between the nature of religion, as a heavenly and sacred object, and the managers of church (pope or bishop) and their actions. Because their disability in establishing a real society and formulating good rules for conducting of the society should not ascribe to the religion itself. But it was due to their deviation and tainting with corruption and a kind of secularism. Christianity and Judaism although were the period of religion’s infancy that only reveled for the people who lived in the past; could be efficient religions for society if we can purify them from legend, myth and ambitiousness and refer them to the time of Jesus and Moses themselves, or to what they really thought.C) Suppose that Christianity and Judaism could not conduct human beings affairs, we are not allowed to deny the relation between State and Religion totally and universalize this rule and conclude that all the religions, even Islam has nothing to do with State.

Rational explanation of the doctrine of IMAMAT (spiritual leadership of the Shi`ites) is one of the most important and efficient instruments that can prepare the ground for extension and propagation of this view in all over the world. So, in this article I want to study one of the first rational explanation of this view in Islamic world which proposed by AL- FARABI.In the world of Islam, FARABI is one of the first philosophers who toke into consideration the necessity of existence of first ruler and his successor (IMAM) in his Utopia (Madina al-fazila), and proposed a rational argument for it. His view is here to some extent in accordance with Shiites attitude. But for understanding whether his ideas is in complete agreement with Shiites works or not, I study this view point in two stages:First of all, I will explain his view point and criticize it; and at the second stage, I will propose the attributes of IMAM and successor of first ruler in madina al-fazila and their conformity.

Reincarnation (Tanasokh) and Return (Rajat) are two similar, and at the same time controversial, issues in religious beliefs domain. The first is an important doctrine among great number of religions and philosophical and theosophical schools in world; and the second has also a significant position in some religions. This Similarity is so that some people consider them as one doctrine. But this is not all the truth; because on the other hand some religions or schools accepted only one of them and reject the other.In any case, the advocators of these theories up to now could not come to certain conclusion and did not proceed fundamentally to these important issue and its implications. But they only insist on rudimentary correspondences and differences of these notions that often toke them from a defective and reductive definition of these two words.This article with a phenomenological approach, and by analyzing of various types of belief in reincarnation and return, will recognize the substantial features and elements of each doctrine. Moreover, to be sure that some of differences between them (such as changing of identity in reincarnation, unity of personality in return, etc.) are so essential that convince us the two doctrines are substantially different.

One of the remarkable concerns of existing thinkers in the field of philosophy of religion is question of philosophical and epistemological approach to ideological movements. Moreover, they explain their position toward reason and its epistemological value. The epistemological importance of this issue is because of its assumptions like: relation and situation of “Narration and Reason”, “revelation”, and “truth and falsehood” in the epistemological geometry and their functions. This matter recently has been important, because in addition to presenting the distinctive and epistemological sources of the dominant social sciences, Religion has been the origin of movements that promises a strong worldly movement on behalf of the religion and religious movements.Meanwhile, the accelerating process of constituting of Salaffism in the Islamic world arouses the writer to scrutiny of the theoretical principles of this thought and basic ideas of this groups which, from the inception, they have followed a kind of religiosity without reasoning.In this article, by analyzing Salaffism foundations, we will show how a series of epistemological, ontological, and anthropological claims considered as a basis for presentation of a particular approach to Islamism and hence, epistemological value of reasoning has been denigrated under the pretext of gentility of religion and narration in itself.

 “What is the essential believes of a mature human being or perfect personality from Quran’s viewpoint? The present article is going to respond to this question; but first of all, we will explain some of the essential characteristics of Quranic anthropology which is the basis of its studies concerning perfect personality. Then, we will take into consideration the concepts of healthy and sickness from etymological and Quranic point of view.We will also discuss of the series of human being’s fundamental believes from Quran viewpoint, with explaining the role of attitudes in the health of personality. In this system, believe in the existence of God and his names and attributes is the basis of all knowledge. Other five Quranic believes which depended on this essential believe, are principles that formulate a healthy personality.This believes are as follow: Believe in the purposefulness of creation; traditions that dominated on the world; believe in concept of life and pure life, Believe in resurrection and role of person in determination of his destiny.

This paper intended to analysis the essay of the spirit of Christianity and its fate, one of the Hegel’s initial writings, with a view to the issue of love and its role in his thought. In this essay, Hegel considered the Christian tradition categories, including life and love, in respect to the social and political condition of modern man.This essay has written in Frankfurt and in it, in spite of Tubingen and Bern essays, Hegel tries to release himself from the borders of Kantian philosophy framework and of Enlightenment legacy. His approach here that obtain from the critique of the reflective rationality is that: “A pure Christian love can be overcome to the crisis arising from the reflective rationality and located in the center of political life of modern man”.