JOURNAL OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:2 (9)|Papers Count:8

Folk literature is one of the most important subsets of Iranian culture, and understanding it plays a significant role in the recognition of hidden aspects of the culture and people›s daily life in different time periods. Folktales, which are an important part of this literature, have their own elements. Accordingly, authors of the present paper have attempted to find and introduce the major folk elements in Farahi’s Mahboob Al-Gholoub which is a prose fiction of the Safavieh era. In this work, although it seems that the novelist aims to create heroes and conflicts, and to arouse curiosity and amusement of the reader, but in reality it has a higher goal and wants to promote human values, brotherhood, equality and social justice. Some of the major folk elements of Mahboob Al-Gholoub are as follows: 1- Having a hero who is always the winner against the anti-hero,2- Absolutist characters who are absolutely good or absolutely bad; 3- Inconceivable events, 4- Having a weak plot;5- Generalization; 6- Static characters; 7-Imaginary time and place; 8-Similarity of speaking in heroes; 9-Characters inevitable fate;10- Surprising caused by inconceivable events; 11- Independence of episodes; 12- Obsolescence.

Abraham was one of the arch-prophets mentioned in Quran and Torah. Quran calls him a faithful Muslim who did not prostrate to anything but God. Abraham was tested several times and passed divine tests successfully every time. This article examined the story of Abraham. The authors introduced the concept of examination and examined it from the perspective of Quran and the hadiths, and then they have stated the concept of Israelites. Furthermore, they recounted the stories of Abraham›s exams including throwing into fire and killing son from Quran and Torah. They have also recounted the story of Zarathustra he was Abraham. After that, they have referred religious stories on these two exams written by the sixth century poets with inspiration from the scriptures. Finally, the authors analyzed each of the above items and concluded that due to the popularity of religious stories in the sixth century, which were mainly based on the interpretation of the religious doctrines; Islamic allusions have been promoted and maximized. Israelites were part of these allusions seen in the sixth century poetry.

Reading fiction, which is somehow the story of human life’s ups and downs, actually reflects the authors human thoughts who tend to reflect personal and social life of their contemporary people and demonstrate human demands, honors, sorrows and glooms. Writing fiction by women is an important sign of social, cultural and human developments occurred in Iranian women’s life. Women who seek to be the language of the various segments of the society, express pains, wishes and demands of their society, and repaint pains imposed on them by the society due to conditions, from enchanting woman to ideal woman. For this purpose, in the present article we have tried to explain the status of women in contemporary Iranian fiction.

We already know Nima Yushij as Sher-e now critic and poet. All the researches carried out on Nima’s poetry were tend to his Sher-e now. However, Nima has a lot of classical and traditional poems and some of them have been written after Qoqnous. Nima has beautiful Odes, Quatrains, Qasidas, and Masnavies which are noteworthy, especially his Quatrains in which he was very successful. This article has analyzed stylistic properties of Nima’s Quatrains with the emphasis on their content, poetical images, figure of speeches, and narrative elements. The article concluded that Nima, after two-hundred-years interval, reviwed Quatrains in in the contemporary period, and encouraged many current poets to create new evolution in theme and form of this classical Persian poetry.

The term, Short Story, Novella in French, refers to short works in which the author illustrates the main character in a main event with the help of a systematic plan. Thus, it is the closest literary art to the zeitgeist. Short story, taking responsibility of long story, illustrates just one aspect of the character life or traits. The image of one of the human soul anxieties or his dreams, in a concise and quick form in line with the spirit of the era in which living becomes very complicated, makes the presence of short stories necessary. A new literary school, known as realism, emerged in the late eighteenth and early nineteen centuries in European literature in France. Because of its correspondence and being pleasant with the spirit of other nations’ people, this new school affected their literature very quickly. It happened in Iran and Egypt as well. Increased translation of western books and becoming familiar with European literature and culture resulted in the entry of this literary school into these two countries literatures. Afterwards, many of famous scholars including Yusuf Idris and Syyed Mohammad Ali Jamal Zadeh tended to the mentioned school. Due to the special conditions of their countries, which were under domination of ruthless and cruel humans, and the political suffocation existed all over the society, these two great authors, as the beginners of this school, were encouraged to portray the realities of their own societies according to the principles of realism. These common realistic contexts have expressed in short stories and even in their own anti-oppression and truth-seeking lives. Some of the most important results of the present study included: The analysis of realistic aspects in the works of the originators of short stories in Iran and Egypt, the exclusive role of short story in expressing realistic contents of the both authors, reflection of social events and oppression and despotism imposed on people. This paper has tried to comparatively analyze Iran and Egypt through criticizing common realistic contexts in the stories of these two famous writers in Iran and Egypt.

Grotesque is an artistic phenomenon which emerged in sixteenth century in French literature and started a new style in fiction witting. Grotesque is a kind of description about a scene or story in which disparate poles are set together in an unusual, ugly, ridiculous, disgusting, and scary form; they reach adjustment and combine with each other to indicate how much the life has both tragic and comic natures. The most notable characteristics of a grotesque work are: Dissonance, horror and comics, nausea and disgust, physical and mental abnormalities, and strife and conflict. Grotesque, as a philosophical mockery of anomaly, is functionally similar to satire. In order to create tragic and comic atmosphere, Sadegh Hedayat has benefited from grotesque components in The Blind Owl. The Grotesque motifs of this story are probably emanated from the unstable social and political situations in Pahlavi era. The narrator of The Blind Owl in both parts of the story suffers from physical and mental abnormalities and speaks about a dark, disgusting and scary atmosphere and kills his beloved because of his own inferiority and complexes. This surrealism work is a mixture of observations, sleeping and waking dreams, unusual facts, moving in darkness, approaching the spirit nest and speaking about its ambiguity. The present paper has tried to identify and examine concepts of grotesque and characteristics of surrealism school in the story of The Blind Owl using a descriptive-analytic approach.

The knowledge of sign-semiotics is directly related to evolution of semiology. This term is used to express all possibilities and abilities of signs toward revealing the sense. In order to make this branch of knowledge useful and functional in the fields of study on sense, two models are presented. One of them is enounce system that is based on closed and ended language productions which have verified senses. The other one is discursive system that includes open, not ended and not verified senses in the language productions. These two models are actually two methods of study in the field of sign-semiotics knowledge. In the first method -enounce system- textual analysis goes toward semiotics generative process and the semiotics square which are related to the narrative plans of the text. In the second method, the sense tension process and the tension square are plotted which study the sense phenomenally. In the present study, Golshiri’s Shazdeh Ehtejab was investigated based on these two models. The goal of this research was to link theoretical principles and practical issues in the analysis of the story. Assumptions in this article included the issues such as: How does narrative discourse help the sign-semiotics analysis of the story narrative?

Defamiliarizationis one of the new literary critique issues and one of the basic concepts in the formalist theory. Based on Jakobson’s idea that the subject of literature, is not literature but literariness which converts acertain work into an artwork, poets are looking for defamiliarization and draw attention to their words. Making prominent is one of the ways of defamiliarization. In fact, formalists believe that making prominent in language is the factor creating literary language. Making prominent, as Lich believes, can be achieved in two ways: Deviating from the language normal components, and adding rules to the automatic language. In syntactic innovation, which is assessed in the present study, the poet is allowed to deviate from the normal language syntactic rules by moving elements of sentences and distinguish his/her language from the norm. In this research, verbs in syntactic innovation in Khaghani’s odes are investigated. Topics considered in this study included: 1- Separation of the verb parts, 2- Putting the verb at the beginning of the sentence, and 3- Mismatch between subject and verb. In this study, Leech’s view was used to evaluate verbs in syntactic innovation.